Table 1 Training or synergizing? Contrast of theoretical principles
From: Training or Synergizing? Complex Systems Principles Change the Understanding of Sport Processes
Approach | Training (traditional) | Synergizing (complex systems) |
|---|---|---|
Conception of athletes/teams | Machines | Complex adaptive systems |
Conception of sport | Static entity | Dynamic entity |
Scientific approach | Cybernetic Control Theory | Dynamic Systems Theory |
Relations among components | Linear cause-effect | Nonlinear dynamic interactions |
Integrating mechanisms | Control loops | Circular causality |
Control | Internal/external programs | Spontaneous synergies |
Organization | Externally designed | Self-organized |
Adaptive properties | Homeostasis | Homeodynamics, synergetic reorganization, degeneracy, pleiotropy |
Training goal | Maximizing performance attributes | Satisficing diversity/unpredictability potential |
Training periodization | Pre-programmed | Co-adapted |