Skip to main content

Table 4 Analysis of publication bias

From: School-related physical activity interventions and mental health among children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Outcome

No. studies

Egger’s test

Duval and Tweedie’s Trim and Filla

Studies trimmed

Observed effect size

Adjusted effect size

β

SE

95% CI

p value

Hedges g

95% CI

Hedges g

95% CI

Depressive symptoms

6

2.231

0.628

0.487; 3.976

0.024

3

− 0.006

− 0.204; 0.193

− 0131

− 0.330; 0.068

Anxiety

6

2.260

0.782

− 0.089; 4.430

0.045

0

0.347

0.072; 0.623

0.347

0.072; 0.623

Emotional problems

5

− 0.620

3.194

− 10.786; 9.546

0.858

0

− 0.038

− 0.217; 0.141

− 0.038

− 0.217; 0.141

Well-being

10

9.511

3.873

0.581; 18.441

0.040

0

0.877

0.356; 1.398

0.877

0.356; 1.398

Health-related quality of life

11

2.761

1.067

0.347; 5.175

0.029

0

0.084

− 0.010; 0.179

0.084

− 0.010; 0.179

Self-esteem, self-worth

10

0.727

1.503

− 2.740; 4.194

0.641

0

0.107

− 0.092; 0.307

0.107

− 0.092; 0.307

Resilience

4

− 1.005

3.218

− 14.850; 12.841

0.784

0

0.748

0.326; 1.170

0.748

0.326; 1.170

Positive effect

5

− 1.411

0.999

− 4.591; 1.768

0.253

0

0.055

− 0.100; 0.211

0.055

− 0.100; 0.211

Negative effect

5

− 2.158

4.660

− 22.210; 17.93

0.689

1

− 0.325

− 1.316; 0.665

0.114

− 2.225; 0.279

Internalising problems

16

1.114

0.921

− 0.860; 3.089

0.246

3

0.015

− 0.107; 0.137

− 0.041

− 0.167; 0.085

Positive mental health

26

3.915

1.633

0.606; 7.224

0.022

0

0.405

0.208; 0.603

0.405

0.208; 0.603

  1. aFilling looks for missing studies to the left of mean