School-related physical activity interventions and mental health among children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Sports Medicine - Open

Table 3 Meta-analysis

Outcome	No. studies	Length of INT (Weeks)	Sample size (N): INT + CONT at follow-up	Mean age^a	Female^b (%)	Summary effect				Heterogeneity
Outcome	No. studies	Length of INT (Weeks)	Sample size (N): INT + CONT at follow-up	Mean age^a	Female^b (%)	Hedges’ g	SE	95% CI	p value	Q	Df (Q)	p value	I² (%)
Depressive symptoms	6	9–52	1703	12.09	49	− 0.006	0.101	− 0.204; 0.193	0.954	12.394	5	0.030	59
Anxiety	6	6–15	1060	14.79	51	0.347	0.140	0.072; 0.623	0.013	13.739	5	0.017	64
Emotional problems	5	8–52	2654	9.43	60	− 0.038	0.091	− 0.217; 0.141	0.678	17.468	4	0.002	77
Well-being	10	4–52	4565	11.18	52	0.877	0.266	0.356; 1.398	0.001	553.337	9	< 0.001	98
Health-related quality of life	11	4–52	7387	10.44	66	0.085	0.048	− 0.010; 0.179	0.078	33.983	10	< 0.001	71
Self-esteem, self-worth	10	8–52	5869	12.79	67	0.107	0.102	− 0.092; 0.307	0.292	76.414	9	< 0.001	88
Resilience	4	8–11	437	14.16	49	0.748	0.215	0.326; 1.170	0.001	10.478	3	0.015	71
Positive effect	5	4–18	676	11.10	50	0.055	0.079	− 0.100; 0.211	0.486	4.083	4	0.395	2
Negative effect	5	4–18	676	11.10	50	− 0.318	0.500	− 1.298; 0.662	0.525	53.24	3	< 0.001	94
Internalising problems	16	4–52	5045	10.21	55	0.015	0.062	− 0.107; 0.137	0.814	52.289	15	< 0.001	71
Positive mental health	26	4–52	12565	10.77	61	0.405	0.101	0.208; 0.603	< 0.001	637.615	25	< 0.001	96

^aMean age was calculated based on the baseline age and weighted by total sample size reported by each study.
^b% females calculated based on entire sample size