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Table 1 Summary of sports technology impact

From: A Pragmatic Approach to Resolving Technological Unfairness: the Case of Nike’s Vaporfly and Alphafly Running Footwear

Criterion

Harm or health (to the athlete or others)

Unnaturalness

Unfair advantage

Coercion

Safety and spectator appeal

Integrity of the game, harm to or advantage over the sport itself, or the ‘spirit of the sport’

Deskilling and reskilling

Dehumanisation

Cost (or excess cost)

The internal goods of a sport

Equal opportunity or access