TY - STD TI - BBC. Eliud Kipchoge breaks two-hour marathon mark by 20 seconds. 2019. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/athletics/50025543. Accessed 12 October 2019. UR - https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/athletics/50025543 ID - ref1 ER - TY - STD TI - Burns GT, Tam N. Is it the shoes? A simple proposal for regulating footwear in road running. Br J Sports Med. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100480. ID - ref2 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Nevill, A. M. AU - Whyte, G. PY - 2005 DA - 2005// TI - Are there limits to running world records? JO - Med Sci Sports Exerc. VL - 37 UR - https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000181676.62054.79 DO - 10.1249/01.mss.0000181676.62054.79 ID - Nevill2005 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Balmer, N. AU - Pleasence, P. AU - Nevill, A. PY - 2012 DA - 2012// TI - Evolution and revolution: gauging the impact of technological and technical innovation on Olympic performance JO - J Sports Sci. VL - 30 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.587018 DO - 10.1080/02640414.2011.587018 ID - Balmer2012 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Haake, S. J. PY - 2009 DA - 2009// TI - The impact of technology on sporting performance in Olympic sports JO - J Sports Sci. VL - 27 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903062019 DO - 10.1080/02640410903062019 ID - Haake2009 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Dyer, B. PY - 2016 DA - 2016// TI - An insight into the use and assessment of lower limb running prostheses in sport with a disability: a mixed method approach JO - Cogent Eng. VL - 3 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2016.1158488 DO - 10.1080/23311916.2016.1158488 ID - Dyer2016 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Foster, L. AU - James, D. AU - Haake, S. PY - 2010 DA - 2010// TI - Understanding the influence of population size on athletic performance JO - Procedia Eng. VL - 2 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2010.04.130 DO - 10.1016/j.proeng.2010.04.130 ID - Foster2010 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Burkett, B. AU - McNamee, M. AU - Potthast, W. PY - 2011 DA - 2011// TI - Shifting boundaries in sports technology and disability: equal rights or unfair advantage in the case of Oscar Pistorius? JO - Disabil Soc. VL - 26 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2011.589197 DO - 10.1080/09687599.2011.589197 ID - Burkett2011 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Baker, D. A. PY - 2016 DA - 2016// TI - The “Second Place” problem: assistive technology in sports and (Re) constructing normal JO - Sci Eng Ethics. VL - 22 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-015-9629-1 DO - 10.1007/s11948-015-9629-1 ID - Baker2016 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hilvoorde, I. AU - Vos, R. AU - Wert, G. PY - 2007 DA - 2007// TI - Flopping, klapping and gene doping: dichotomies between ‘natural’and ‘artificial’in elite sport JO - Soc Stud Sci. VL - 37 UR - https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312706063784 DO - 10.1177/0306312706063784 ID - Hilvoorde2007 ER - TY - STD TI - McKnight M. A brush with greatness: the Puma shoe that upended the 1968 Olympics. 2019. https://www.si.com/track-and-field/2019/11/15/puma-shoe-upended-1968-olympics. UR - https://www.si.com/track-and-field/2019/11/15/puma-shoe-upended-1968-olympics ID - ref11 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Loland, S. PY - 2009 DA - 2009// TI - The ethics of performance-enhancing technology in sport JO - J Phil Sport. VL - 36 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2009.9714754 DO - 10.1080/00948705.2009.9714754 ID - Loland2009 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Dyer, B. PY - 2015 DA - 2015// TI - The controversy of sports technology: a systematic review JO - Springerplus. VL - 4 UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-1331-x DO - 10.1186/s40064-015-1331-x ID - Dyer2015 ER - TY - STD TI - Freeman, W. Sport and technology: ethics on the cutting edge. Paper presented at the Sport Philosophy Academy Session. April 6, San Francisco. 1991. ID - ref14 ER - TY - JOUR AU - James, D. PY - 2010 DA - 2010// TI - The ethics of using engineering to enhance athletic performance JO - Procedia Eng. VL - 2 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2010.04.165 DO - 10.1016/j.proeng.2010.04.165 ID - James2010 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Miah, A. PY - 2005 DA - 2005// TI - From anti-doping to a ‘performance policy’sport technology, being human, and doing ethics JO - Eur J Sport Sci. VL - 5 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390500077285 DO - 10.1080/17461390500077285 ID - Miah2005 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Vanreusel, B. PY - 2015 DA - 2015// TI - Assessing the sociology of sport: on utopianism and pragmatism JO - Int Rev Sociol Sport. VL - 50 UR - https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690214553827 DO - 10.1177/1012690214553827 ID - Vanreusel2015 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Giacobbi, P. R. AU - Poczwardowski, A. AU - Hager, P. PY - 2005 DA - 2005// TI - A pragmatic research philosophy for sport and exercise psychology JO - Sport Psychol. VL - 19 UR - https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.19.1.18 DO - 10.1123/tsp.19.1.18 ID - Giacobbi2005 ER - TY - STD TI - Bartle JR. Shields PM. Applying pragmatism to public budgeting and financial management. ID - ref19 ER - TY - STD TI - Shields PM. Pragmatism as a philosophy of science: a tool for public administration. ID - ref20 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Partridge, B. PY - 2011 DA - 2011// TI - Fairness and performance-enhancing swimsuits at the 2009 swimming world championships: the ‘asterisk’championships JO - Sport Ethics Philos. VL - 5 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2010.511248 DO - 10.1080/17511321.2010.511248 ID - Partridge2011 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Dyer, B. AU - Noroozi, S. AU - Sewell, P. AU - Redwood, S. PY - 2011 DA - 2011// TI - The fair use of lower-limb running prostheses: a Delphi study JO - Adapt Phys Activ Q. VL - 28 UR - https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.28.1.16 DO - 10.1123/apaq.28.1.16 ID - Dyer2011 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Jones, C. AU - Wilson, C. PY - 2009 DA - 2009// TI - Defining advantage and athletic performance: the case of Oscar Pistorius JO - Eur J Sport Sci. VL - 9 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390802635483 DO - 10.1080/17461390802635483 ID - Jones2009 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hemphill, D. PY - 2009 DA - 2009// TI - Performance enhancement and drug control in sport: ethical considerations JO - Sport Soc. VL - 12 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/17430430802673668 DO - 10.1080/17430430802673668 ID - Hemphill2009 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Nigg, B. M. AU - Baltich, J. AU - Hoerzer, S. AU - Enders, H. PY - 2015 DA - 2015// TI - Running shoes and running injuries: mythbusting and a proposal for two new paradigms:‘preferred movement path’and ‘comfort filter’ JO - Br J Sports Med. VL - 49 UR - https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095054 DO - 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095054 ID - Nigg2015 ER - TY - JOUR AU - McKenzie, D. C. AU - Clement, D. B. AU - Taunton, J. E. PY - 1985 DA - 1985// TI - Running shoes, orthotics, and injuries JO - Sports Med. VL - 2 UR - https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198502050-00003 DO - 10.2165/00007256-198502050-00003 ID - McKenzie1985 ER - TY - STD TI - Candau RB, Sanchez AM, Borrani F, Minetti AE. Comment on: “How biomechanical improvements in running economy could break the 2-hour marathon barrier”. Sports Medicine. 2017;47(11):2403–4. ID - ref27 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hoogkamer, W. AU - Kram, R. AU - Arellano, C. J. PY - 2017 DA - 2017// TI - How biomechanical improvements in running economy could break the 2-hour marathon barrier JO - Sports Med. VL - 47 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0708-0 DO - 10.1007/s40279-017-0708-0 ID - Hoogkamer2017 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Rixe, J. A. AU - Gallo, R. A. AU - Silvis, M. L. PY - 2012 DA - 2012// TI - The barefoot debate: can minimalist shoes reduce running-related injuries? JO - Curr Sports Med Rep. VL - 11 UR - https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e31825640a6 DO - 10.1249/JSR.0b013e31825640a6 ID - Rixe2012 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Lavin, M. PY - 1987 DA - 1987// TI - Sports and drugs: are the current bans justified? JO - J Phil Sport. VL - 14 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.1987.9714449 DO - 10.1080/00948705.1987.9714449 ID - Lavin1987 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Miah, A. PY - 2006 DA - 2006// TI - Rethinking enhancement in sport JO - Ann N Y Acad Sci. VL - 1093 UR - https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1382.020 DO - 10.1196/annals.1382.020 ID - Miah2006 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Richards, C. E. AU - Magin, P. J. AU - Callister, R. PY - 2009 DA - 2009// TI - Is your prescription of distance running shoes evidence-based? JO - Br J Sports Med. VL - 43 UR - https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2008.046680 DO - 10.1136/bjsm.2008.046680 ID - Richards2009 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hoogkamer, W. AU - Kipp, S. AU - Frank, J. H. AU - Farina, E. M. AU - Luo, G. AU - Kram, R. PY - 2018 DA - 2018// TI - A comparison of the energetic cost of running in marathon racing shoes JO - Sports Med. VL - 48 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0811-2 DO - 10.1007/s40279-017-0811-2 ID - Hoogkamer2018 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kipp, S. AU - Kram, R. AU - Hoogkamer, W. PY - 2019 DA - 2019// TI - Extrapolating metabolic savings in running: implications for performance predictions JO - Front Physiol. VL - 10 UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00079 DO - 10.3389/fphys.2019.00079 ID - Kipp2019 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Barnes, K. R. AU - Kilding, A. E. PY - 2019 DA - 2019// TI - A randomized crossover study investigating the running economy of highly-trained male and female distance runners in marathon racing shoes versus track spikes JO - Sports Med. VL - 49 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-1012-3 DO - 10.1007/s40279-018-1012-3 ID - Barnes2019 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hoogkamer, W. AU - Kipp, S. AU - Kram, R. PY - 2019 DA - 2019// TI - The biomechanics of competitive male runners in three marathon racing shoes: a randomized crossover study JO - Sports Med. VL - 49 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-1024-z DO - 10.1007/s40279-018-1024-z ID - Hoogkamer2019 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Lukes, R. A. AU - Chin, S. B. AU - Haake, S. J. PY - 2005 DA - 2005// TI - The understanding and development of cycling aerodynamics JO - Sports Eng. VL - 8 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02844004 DO - 10.1007/BF02844004 ID - Lukes2005 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hirata, K. AU - Okayama, T. AU - Teraoka, T. AU - Funaki, J. PY - 2012 DA - 2012// TI - Precise aerodynamics measurements of a track runner using a wind-tunnel moving-belt system JO - Procedia Eng. VL - 34 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.04.007 DO - 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.04.007 ID - Hirata2012 ER - TY - STD TI - Anon. IAAF Results. http://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitioninfo/c36ff61e-f89f-4205-a873-8f3dff0fff67.pdf. Accessed 18 March 2020. UR - http://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitioninfo/c36ff61e-f89f-4205-a873-8f3dff0fff67.pdf ID - ref39 ER - TY - STD TI - Woodward A. Nike’s controversial Vaporfly shoes are helping runners set new records, but some think it’s ‘technology doping.’ Here’s how they work. 2020. (https://www.businessinsider.com/why-nike-vaporfly-shoes-make-runners-faster-2019-11?r = US&IR = T). UR - https://www.businessinsider.com/why-nike-vaporfly-shoes-make-runners-faster-2019-11?r ID - ref40 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Majumdar, A. S. AU - Robergs, R. A. PY - 2011 DA - 2011// TI - The science of speed: determinants of performance in the 100 m sprint JO - Int J Sports Sci Coaching. VL - 6 UR - https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.6.3.479 DO - 10.1260/1747-9541.6.3.479 ID - Majumdar2011 ER - TY - STD TI - Olivier S. Banning performance-enhancing drugs is justified. Drugs Sports. 2006;62. ID - ref42 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Wann, D. L. PY - 1995 DA - 1995// TI - Preliminary validation of the sport fan motivation scale JO - J Sport Soc Issues. VL - 19 UR - https://doi.org/10.1177/019372395019004004 DO - 10.1177/019372395019004004 ID - Wann1995 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Morgan, J. AU - Franco, R. L. AU - Harrison, K. AU - Blanks, A. M. AU - Caslin, H. L. AU - Williams, D. B. PY - 2016 DA - 2016// TI - Stride frequency and injury rates in recreational runners training for a half-marathon: 2183 Board# 335 June 2, 200 PM-330 PM JO - Med Sci Sports Exerc. VL - 48 UR - https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000486856.17264.1a DO - 10.1249/01.mss.0000486856.17264.1a ID - Morgan2016 ER - TY - STD TI - Gelberg N. Tradition, talent, and technology: the ambiguous relationship between sports and innovation. Sports Des. 1998:88–110. ID - ref45 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Metzler, B. PY - 2019 DA - 2019// TI - Banning Kipchoge’s shoes is the dumbest take in running right now ID - Metzler2019 ER - TY - STD TI - McGuire J. They’re not just race shoes. Nike’s VP of footwear innovation says of the Alphaflys. 2020;2020 https://www.runnersworld.com/uk/gear/shoes/a31240752/what-nike-say-alphafly/. UR - https://www.runnersworld.com/uk/gear/shoes/a31240752/what-nike-say-alphafly/ ID - ref47 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Silva, R. M. AU - Rodrigues, J. L. AU - Pinto, V. V. AU - Ferreira, M. J. AU - Russo, R. AU - Pereira, C. M. PY - 2009 DA - 2009// TI - Evaluation of shock absorption properties of rubber materials regarding footwear applications JO - Polym Test. VL - 28 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2009.05.007 DO - 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2009.05.007 ID - Silva2009 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Chockalingam, N. AU - Thomas, N. B. AU - Smith, A. AU - Dunning, D. PY - 2011 DA - 2011// TI - By designing ‘blades’ for Oscar Pistorius are prosthetists creating an unfair advantage for Pistorius and an uneven playing field? JO - Prosthet Orthot Int. VL - 35 UR - https://doi.org/10.1177/0309364611426346 DO - 10.1177/0309364611426346 ID - Chockalingam2011 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Nolan, L. PY - 2008 DA - 2008// TI - Carbon fibre prostheses and running in amputees: a review JO - Foot Ankle Surg. VL - 14 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fas.2008.05.007 DO - 10.1016/j.fas.2008.05.007 ID - Nolan2008 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Goosey-Tolfrey, V. L. AU - Alfano, H. AU - Fowler, N. PY - 2008 DA - 2008// TI - The influence of crank length and cadence on mechanical efficiency in hand cycling JO - Eur J Appl Physiol. VL - 102 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-007-0576-7 DO - 10.1007/s00421-007-0576-7 ID - Goosey-Tolfrey2008 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Disley, B. X. AU - Li, F. X. PY - 2014 DA - 2014// TI - The effect of QF actor on gross mechanical efficiency and muscular activation in cycling JO - Scand J Med Sci Sports. VL - 24 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01479.x DO - 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01479.x ID - Disley2014 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Flanagan, T. PY - 2009 DA - 2009// TI - Alpine skiing technology: faster, higher, stronger ID - Flanagan2009 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Dixon, S. AU - Fleming, P. AU - James, I. PY - 2015 DA - 2015// TI - Carre M, editors PB - Routledge CY - The Science and Engineering of Sport Surfaces ID - Dixon2015 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Redström, J. PY - 2006 DA - 2006// TI - Towards user design? On the shift from object to user as the subject of design JO - Des Studies. VL - 27 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2005.06.001 DO - 10.1016/j.destud.2005.06.001 ID - Redström2006 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Arthur, D. PY - 2019 DA - 2019// TI - Great Britain’s £15 k Lotus/Hope track bike debuts at UCI Track World Cup event ID - Arthur2019 ER - TY - STD TI - Nike. Cost of Nike vaporfly. https://www.nike.com/gb/w?q=vaporfly&vst=vaporfly. Accessed 19 March 2020. UR - https://www.nike.com/gb/w?q=vaporfly&vst=vaporfly ID - ref57 ER - TY - STD TI - Smolianov P, Schoen C, Norberg J, Dion S, Smith J, Calpino K. Innovative technology for high performance and mass participation sport. In: The Use of Technology in Sport-Emerging Challenges 2018 5. IntechOpen. ID - ref58 ER - TY - STD TI - Agyemang KJ. Athlete brand revitalisation after a transgression. J Sponsorship. 2011;4(2):137–44. ID - ref59 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Craik, J. PY - 2011 DA - 2011// TI - The fastskin revolution: from human fish to swimming androids JO - Culture Unbound: Journal of Current Cultural Research. VL - 3 UR - https://doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.11371 DO - 10.3384/cu.2000.1525.11371 ID - Craik2011 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Roy, J. P. AU - Stefanyshyn, D. J. PY - 2006 DA - 2006// TI - Shoe midsole longitudinal bending stiffness and running economy, joint energy, and EMG JO - Med Sci Sports Exerc. VL - 38 UR - https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000193562.22001.e8 DO - 10.1249/01.mss.0000193562.22001.e8 ID - Roy2006 ER - TY - STD TI - Chase A. Hoka or Nike? We compare two carbon-plated running shoes. 2019 https://www.triathlete.com/2019/11/gear-tech/hoka-or-nike-we-compare-two-carbon-plated-running-shoes_385130. Accessed: 13/11/19. UR - https://www.triathlete.com/2019/11/gear-tech/hoka-or-nike-we-compare-two-carbon-plated-running-shoes_385130 ID - ref62 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Toon, D. AU - Vinet, A. AU - Pain, M. T. AU - Caine, M. P. PY - 2011 DA - 2011// TI - A methodology to investigate the relationship between lower-limb dynamics and shoe stiffness using custom-built footwear JO - Proc Inst Mech Eng P J Sports Eng Technol. VL - 225 ID - Toon2011 ER - TY - STD TI - Anon. World Athletics modifies rules governing competition shoes for elite athletes. 2020. https://www.worldathletics.org/news/press-releases/modified-rules-shoes. Accessed 18 March 2020. UR - https://www.worldathletics.org/news/press-releases/modified-rules-shoes ID - ref64 ER - TY - STD TI - Anon. World Athletics, Technical Rules 2020. 2020. https://www.worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/documents/technical-information#collapsemanuals-guidelines. Accessed 18 March 2020. UR - https://www.worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/documents/technical-information#collapsemanuals-guidelines ID - ref65 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hoogkamer, W. PY - 2020 DA - 2020// TI - More isn’t always better JO - Footwear Sci. VL - 9 ID - Hoogkamer2020 ER -