Table 4 Results from GEE model effect tests for mechanical work variables. Results presented by mean and SE. Different low case letters represent that there were difference between speeds. * symbol represents that there was difference between NW and FW groups in the different moments. € symbol represents that there were differences between pre- and post moments within each group.

W_ext (J kg⁻¹ m⁻¹)

1 km h⁻¹

0.192 ± 0.12^a

*0.193 ± 0.12^a

0.188 ± 0.18^a

*0.176 ± 0.13^a

0.354

0.837

< 0.001

0.049

0.950

0.259

0.010

2 km h⁻¹

0.212 ± 0.11^a

*0.196 ± 0.07^a

0.215 ± 0.04^a

*0.220 ± 0.18^a

3 km h⁻¹

0.216 ± 0.12^a

*0.205 ± 0.13^a

0.216 ± 0.11^a

*0.216 ± 0.08^a

4 km h⁻¹

0.208 ± 0.16^a

*0.178 ± 0.11^a

0.195 ± 0.10^a

*0.201 ± 0.07^a

5 km h⁻¹

0.181 ± 0.18^a

*0.151 ± 0.15^b

0.160 ± 0.14^b

*0.155 ± 0.13^b

W_int (J kg⁻¹ m⁻¹)

1 km h⁻¹

0.048 ± 0.04^a

0.050 ± 0.04^a

0.062 ± 0.04^a

0.062 ± 0.04^a

0.234

0.383

< 0.001

0.383

0.421

0.385

0.579

2 km h⁻¹

0.075 ± 0.04^a

0.067 ± 0.06^a

0.081 ± 0.05^bc

0.085 ± 0.01^b

3 km h⁻¹

0.089 ± 0.05^b

0.085 ± 0.06^c

0.096 ± 0.04^c

0.101 ± 0.04^c

4 km h⁻¹

0.116 ± 0.04^c

0.110 ± 0.05^d

0.109 ± 0.01^d

0.113 ± 0.06^d

5 km h⁻¹

0.117 ± 0.01^c

0.111 ± 0.05^d

0.123 ± 0.05^e

0.122 ± 0.05^d

W_tot (J kg⁻¹ m ⁻¹)

1 km h⁻¹

0.268 ± 0.15^a

0.258 ± 0.13^a

0.275 ± 0.21^a

0.254 ± 0.16^a

0.233

0.384

< 0.001

0.382

0.582

0.333

0.390

2 km h⁻¹

0.309 ± 0.13^b

0.310 ± 0.11^b

0.303 ± 0.07^a

0.329 ± 0.28^ab

3 km h⁻¹

0.340 ± 0.12^b

0.490 ± 0.63^bc

0.339 ± 0.12^a

0.347 ± 0.07^b

4 km h⁻¹

0.459 ± 0.44^c

0.367 ± 0.13^b

0.349 ± 0.19^ab

0.382 ± 0.09^bc

5 km h⁻¹

0.404 ± 0.13^bc

0.386 ± 0.95^b

0.386 ± 0.16^b

0.391 ± 0.14^c

W_{int_trunk} (J kg⁻¹ m⁻¹)

1 km h⁻¹

0.0027 ± 0.001^a

0.0024 ± 0.001^a

0.0026 ± 0.002^a

0.0026 ± 0.001^ab

0.217

0.204

< 0.001

0.329

0.301

0.547

0.024

2 km h⁻¹

0.0017 ± 0.001^a

0.0018 ± 0.001^b

0.0022 ± 0.001^ab

0.0027 ± 0.002^ab

3 km h⁻¹

0.0015 ± 0.001^ab

0.0021 ± 0.002^ab

0.0021 ± 0.003^ab

0.0021 ± 0.001^a

4 km h⁻¹

0.0016 ± 0.002^ab

0.0019 ± 0.001^b

0.0017 ± 0.001^c

0.0020 ± 0.001^a

5 km h⁻¹

0.0022 ± 0.001^a

0.0022 ± 0.001^ab

0.0023 ± 0.001^a

0.0024 ± 0.001^b

W_{int_arms} (J kg⁻¹ m⁻¹)

1 km h⁻¹

^€0.005 ± 0.071^a

*0.009 ± 0.019^a

^€0.015 ± 0.030^a

*0.017 ± 0.013^a

0.181

0.865

< 0.001

0.032

0.023

0.436

0.874

2 km h⁻¹

^€0.019 ± 0.038^b

*0.012 ± 0.046^a

^€0.020 ± 0.037^b

*0.025 ± 0.070^ab

3 km h⁻¹

^€0.017 ± 0.030^b

*0.015 ± 0.033^a

^€0.021 ± 0.036^b

*0.024 ± 0.052^ab

4 km h⁻¹

^€0.027 ± 0.049^c

*0.020 ± 0.036^b

^€0.022 ± 0.040^b

*0.027 ± 0.052^ab

5 km h⁻¹

^€0.023 ± 0.032^c

*0.019 ± 0.027^b

^€0.027 ± 0.045^c

*0.034 ± 0.058^c

W_{int_legs} (J kg⁻¹ m⁻¹)

1 km h⁻¹

0.040 ± 0.019^a

0.038 ± 0.021^a

0.044 ± 0.021^a

0.043 ± 0.020^a

0.234

0.384

< 0.001

0.383

0.536

0.468

0.469

2 km h⁻¹

0.053 ± 0.023^b

0.053 ± 0.029^b

0.058 ± 0.020^b

0.057 ± 0.054^b

3 km h⁻¹

0.071 ± 0.021^c

0.068 ± 0.036^c

0.073 ± 0.019^c

0.074 ± 0.015^c

4 km h⁻¹

0.087 ± 0.025^d

0.088 ± 0.024^d

0.085 ± 0.065^d

0.083 ± 0.021^d

5 km h⁻¹

0.081 ± 0.063^d

0.089 ± 0.024^d

0.093 ± 0.023^e

0.090 ± 0.024^e

R (%)

1 km h⁻¹

32.46 ± 3.07^a

35.40 ± 2.45^a

33.5 9 ± 4.07^a

34.89 ± 4.41^a

0.288

0.085

< 0.001

0.267

0.702

0.065

0.671

2 km h⁻¹

37.85 ± 2.26^a

35.54 ± 2.38^a

40.45 ± 3.36^a

39.73 ± 4.02^a

3 km h⁻¹

45.26 ± 3.44^b

46.95 ± 2.42^b

49.08 ± 2.73^bc

48.72 ± 3.05^bc

4 km h⁻¹

50.39 ± 3.42^b

56.83 ± 2.70^c

58.07 ± 3.35^d

59.16 ± 2.10^d

5 km h⁻¹

63.97 ± 4.45^c

69.57 ± 1.62^d

70.65 ± 2.68^e

72.43 ± 2.46^e