From: The Biomechanics and Applications of Strongman Exercises: a Systematic Review
 | Winwood et al. [38] | Keogh et al. [32] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heavy sled pull | Effect size | Back squat | Higher performer | Lower performer | Effect size | Group ave. | |
Spatiotemporal | |||||||
 Ground contact time (s) | 0.35 ± 0.04 (MVP) | − 0.85 | – | 0.33 ± 0.04†(MVP) | 0.76 ± 0.37 (MVP) | − 1.63 | 0.48 ± 0.23 (MVP) |
0.38 ± 0.03 (AP) | – | 0.42 ± 0.19 (AP) | 0.57 ± 0.23 (AP) | − 0.71 | 0.53 ± 0.32 (AP) | ||
 Stride rate (s) | 1.42 ± 0.14 (MVP) | 0.07 | – | 1.63 ± 0.12†(MVP) | 1.10 ± 0.42 (MVP) | 1.72 | 1.37 ± 0.39 (MVP) |
1.41 ± 0.14 (AP) | – | 1.50 ± 0.55 (AP) | 1.29 ± 0.37 (AP) | 0.45 | 1.45 ± 0.50 (AP) | ||
 Swing time (s) | 0.33 ± 0.04 (MVP) | 0.39 | – | 0.29 ± 0.03 (MVP) | 0.27 ± 0.05 (MVP) | 0.49 | 0.28 ± 0.04☼ (MVP) |
0.31 ± 0.06 (AP) | – | 0.28 ± 0.07†(AP) | 0.23 ± 0.05 (AP) | 0.82 | 0.25 ± 0.06 (AP) | ||
 Stride length (m) | 1.29 ± 0.17☼ (MVP) | 1.81 | – | 1.29 ± 0.26†(MVP) | 0.80 ± 0.16 (MVP) | 2.27 | 1.03 ± 0.26☼ (MVP) |
1.00 ± 0.15 (AP) | – | 0.85 ± 0.25†(AP) | 0.65 ± 0.04 (AP) | 1.12 | 0.74 ± 0.28 (AP) | ||
Kinematic | |||||||
 Average velocity (m/s) | 1.83 ± 0.22☼ (MVP) | 2.44 | – | 2.08 ± 0.08†(MVP) | 0.99 ± 0.50 (MVP) | 3.04 | 1.61 ± 0.55☼ (MVP) |
1.39 ± 0.13 (AP) | – | 1.22 ± 0.20†(AP) | 0.79 ± 0.32 (AP) | 1.61 | 1.04 ± 0.30 (AP) | ||
 Knee angle at FS (°) | 114 ± 6.00☼ (MVP) | 1.38 | – | 132 ± 9.00†(MVP) | 112 ± 22.0 (MVP) | 1.19 | 124 ± 18.0☼ (MVP) |
103 ± 9.00(AP) | – | 125 ± 12.0†(AP) | 110 ± 10.0(AP) | 1.36 | 116 ± 13.0 (AP) | ||
 Knee angle at TO (°) | 138 ± 14.0 (MVP) | 0.35 | – | 153 ± 7.00 (MVP) | 148 ± 10.0(MVP) | 0.59 | 149 ± 9.00☼ (MVP) |
133 ± 14.0 (AP) | – | 148 ± 14.0†(AP) | 138 ± 17.0 (AP) | 0.65 | 141 ± 15.0 (AP) | ||
 Thigh angle at FS (°) | – | – | – | 23.0 ± 5.00†(MVP) | 19.0 ± 5.0 (MVP) | 0.80 | 21.0 ± 5.00☼ (MVP) |
– | – | 14.0 ± 10.0 (AP) | 16.0 ± 8.00 (AP) | − 0.22 | 15.0 ± 10.0 (AP) | ||
 Trunk angle at FS (°) | 61.0 ± 13.0 (MVP) | − 0.67 | – | 41.0 ± 7.00†(MVP) | 8.00 ± 29.0 (MVP) | 1.56 | 26.0 ± 24.0☼ (MVP) |
77.0 ± 30.0 (AP) | – | 29.0 ± 17.0†(AP) | 2.00 ± 16.0 (AP) | 1.64 | 14.0 ± 21.0 (AP) | ||
 Trunk angle at TO (°) | 61.0 ± 11.0 (MVP) | − 0.49 | – | 41.0 ± 9.00†(MVP) | 14.0 ± 25.0 (MVP) | 1.59 | 28.0 ± 21.0☼ (MVP) |
69.0 ± 20.0 (AP) | – | 31.0 ± 15.0†(AP) | 10.0 ± 14.0 (AP) | 1.45 | 19.0 ± 19.0 (AP) | ||
Kinetic | |||||||
 Mean anterior GRF (N) | 555 ± 107* (SC to MKE) | 6.63 | 43.0 ± 22.0 (SC to MKE) | – | – |  | – |
 Peak anterior GRF (N) | 810 ± 174* (SC to MKE) | 5.13 | 126 ± 73.0 (SC to MKE) | – | – |  | – |
 Mean vertical GRF (N) | 1330 ± 364* (SC to MKE) | − 2.38 | 2580 ± 648 (SC to MKE) | – | – |  | – |
 Peak vertical GRF (N) | 1740 ± 463* (SC to MKE) | − 1.85 | 3500 ± 1270 (SC to MKE) | – | – |  | – |
 Mean resultant ant/post force (N) | 271 ± 89.0☼ (MVP) | − 1.95 | – | – | – | – | – |
526 ± 162 (AP) | – | – | – | – | – | ||
 Mean resultant med/lat force (N) | − 5.00 ± 22.0☼ (MVP) | − 1.75 | – | – | – | – | – |
24.0 ± 8.00 (AP) | – | – | – | – | – |