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Table 4 Pulling significant results comparisons—heavy sled pull

From: The Biomechanics and Applications of Strongman Exercises: a Systematic Review

 

Winwood et al. [38]

Keogh et al. [32]

Heavy sled pull

Effect size

Back squat

Higher performer

Lower performer

Effect size

Group ave.

Spatiotemporal

 Ground contact time (s)

0.35 ± 0.04 (MVP)

− 0.85

–

0.33 ± 0.04† (MVP)

0.76 ± 0.37 (MVP)

− 1.63

0.48 ± 0.23 (MVP)

0.38 ± 0.03 (AP)

–

0.42 ± 0.19 (AP)

0.57 ± 0.23 (AP)

− 0.71

0.53 ± 0.32 (AP)

 Stride rate (s)

1.42 ± 0.14 (MVP)

0.07

–

1.63 ± 0.12† (MVP)

1.10 ± 0.42 (MVP)

1.72

1.37 ± 0.39 (MVP)

1.41 ± 0.14 (AP)

–

1.50 ± 0.55 (AP)

1.29 ± 0.37 (AP)

0.45

1.45 ± 0.50 (AP)

 Swing time (s)

0.33 ± 0.04 (MVP)

0.39

–

0.29 ± 0.03 (MVP)

0.27 ± 0.05 (MVP)

0.49

0.28 ± 0.04☼ (MVP)

0.31 ± 0.06 (AP)

–

0.28 ± 0.07† (AP)

0.23 ± 0.05 (AP)

0.82

0.25 ± 0.06 (AP)

 Stride length (m)

1.29 ± 0.17☼ (MVP)

1.81

–

1.29 ± 0.26† (MVP)

0.80 ± 0.16 (MVP)

2.27

1.03 ± 0.26☼ (MVP)

1.00 ± 0.15 (AP)

–

0.85 ± 0.25† (AP)

0.65 ± 0.04 (AP)

1.12

0.74 ± 0.28 (AP)

Kinematic

 Average velocity (m/s)

1.83 ± 0.22☼ (MVP)

2.44

–

2.08 ± 0.08† (MVP)

0.99 ± 0.50 (MVP)

3.04

1.61 ± 0.55☼ (MVP)

1.39 ± 0.13 (AP)

–

1.22 ± 0.20† (AP)

0.79 ± 0.32 (AP)

1.61

1.04 ± 0.30 (AP)

 Knee angle at FS (°)

114 ± 6.00☼ (MVP)

1.38

–

132 ± 9.00† (MVP)

112 ± 22.0 (MVP)

1.19

124 ± 18.0☼ (MVP)

103 ± 9.00(AP)

–

125 ± 12.0† (AP)

110 ± 10.0(AP)

1.36

116 ± 13.0 (AP)

 Knee angle at TO (°)

138 ± 14.0 (MVP)

0.35

–

153 ± 7.00 (MVP)

148 ± 10.0(MVP)

0.59

149 ± 9.00☼ (MVP)

133 ± 14.0 (AP)

–

148 ± 14.0† (AP)

138 ± 17.0 (AP)

0.65

141 ± 15.0 (AP)

 Thigh angle at FS (°)

–

–

–

23.0 ± 5.00† (MVP)

19.0 ± 5.0 (MVP)

0.80

21.0 ± 5.00☼ (MVP)

–

–

14.0 ± 10.0 (AP)

16.0 ± 8.00 (AP)

− 0.22

15.0 ± 10.0 (AP)

 Trunk angle at FS (°)

61.0 ± 13.0 (MVP)

− 0.67

–

41.0 ± 7.00† (MVP)

8.00 ± 29.0 (MVP)

1.56

26.0 ± 24.0☼ (MVP)

77.0 ± 30.0 (AP)

–

29.0 ± 17.0† (AP)

2.00 ± 16.0 (AP)

1.64

14.0 ± 21.0 (AP)

 Trunk angle at TO (°)

61.0 ± 11.0 (MVP)

− 0.49

–

41.0 ± 9.00† (MVP)

14.0 ± 25.0 (MVP)

1.59

28.0 ± 21.0☼ (MVP)

69.0 ± 20.0 (AP)

–

31.0 ± 15.0† (AP)

10.0 ± 14.0 (AP)

1.45

19.0 ± 19.0 (AP)

Kinetic

 Mean anterior GRF (N)

555 ± 107* (SC to MKE)

6.63

43.0 ± 22.0 (SC to MKE)

–

–

 

–

 Peak anterior GRF (N)

810 ± 174* (SC to MKE)

5.13

126 ± 73.0 (SC to MKE)

–

–

 

–

 Mean vertical GRF (N)

1330 ± 364* (SC to MKE)

− 2.38

2580 ± 648 (SC to MKE)

–

–

 

–

 Peak vertical GRF (N)

1740 ± 463* (SC to MKE)

− 1.85

3500 ± 1270 (SC to MKE)

–

–

 

–

 Mean resultant ant/post force (N)

271 ± 89.0☼ (MVP)

− 1.95

–

–

–

–

–

526 ± 162 (AP)

–

–

–

–

–

 Mean resultant med/lat force (N)

− 5.00 ± 22.0☼ (MVP)

− 1.75

–

–

–

–

–

24.0 ± 8.00 (AP)

–

–

–

–

–

  1. All data are reported as means ± standard deviation, unless specified otherwise. Spatiotemporal and kinematic effect sizes reported for between phase [37] and between performance standard [32]. Kinetic effect sizes reported for between exercise (heavy sled pull vs back squat). A positive effect size indicates that the left-hand column (higher performer or heavy sled pull) or top row (maximum velocity phase) had a greater value than the respective right-hand column (lower performer or back squat) or bottom row (acceleration phase).*Significant difference to back squat, †significant difference to low performing athletes, ☼☼significant difference to acceleration phase, ant/post anterior/posterior, AP acceleration phase, ave average, FS foot strike, GRF ground reaction force, med/lat medial/lateral, MVP maximum velocity phase, SC to MKE start of concentric phase to maximum knee extension, TO toe off