Table 2 Summary of reported head injury and associated helmet damage (percentage of total number in brackets). Note: Most helmets were certified to two or more standards
| Â | Total no. | Equestrian type | Helmet certification | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Professional | Amateur | Snell | PAS015 | EN1384 | ASTM | ||
No. of helmets | 216 | 40 (19%) | 176 (81%) | 43 (20%) | 169 (78%) | 133 (62%) | 101 (47%) |
No. of injury reports | 189 | 29 (15%) | 160 (85%) | 43 (23%) | 147 (78%) | 106 (56%) | 87 (46%) |
No. of head injuries | 139 | 10 (7%) | 129 (93%) | 34 (24%) | 102 (73%) | 70 (50%) | 65 (47%) |
No. of head injury cases with damaged helmet | 75 | 10 (13%) | 65 (87%) | 9 (12%) | 64 (85%) | 43 (57%) | 42 (56%) |
No. of head injury cases with undamaged helmet | 64 | 0 (0%) | 64 (100%) | 25 (39%) | 38 (59%) | 27 (42%) | 23 (36%) |
Concussion | 126 | 10 (8%) | 116 (92%) | 34 (27%) | 93 (74%) | 61 (48%) | 56 (44%) |
Skull fracture | 6 | 0 (0%) | 6 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (100%) | 6 (100%) | 6 (100%) |
Haematoma | 1 | 0 (0%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (100%) | 1 (100%) |
cerebral edema | 1 | 0 (0%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (100%) | 1 (100%) | 1 (100%) |
DAI | 5 | 0 (0%) | 5 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (100%) | 5 (100%) | 5 (100%) |