Study | Awareness measured | Participants | Sex | Mean age (years) | Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Broglio et al. [34] | Concussion | 650 soccer players, 43 coaches, 34 medical staff | Not indicated | 16.8 | 10.0% athletes sustained a concussion in the past year and 62.0% of these injuries were not reported. Medical staff reported a heavy reliance on the clinical exam (92.0%) and athlete symptom reports (92.0%) to make the concussion diagnosis and return to play decision, with little use of neurocognitive (16.7%) or balance (0.0%) testing. |
Cournoyer and Tripp [38] | Concussion | 334 high school soccer players | Not indicated | 16.3 | Concussion symptom identified: headache (97.0%); dizziness (93.0%); confusion (90.0%); Loss of consciousness (81.0%); nausea or vomiting (53.0%); behaviour and personality change (40.0%); trouble falling asleep (36.0%); being more emotional (30.0%); being nervous or anxious (27.0%). |
Fedor and Gunstad [24] | Concussion | 382 college athletes and 230 college non-athletes | M/F | Case group: 19.6 Control group: 19.6 | Student-athletes expected significantly more distractor (1.19 ± 1.05 vs. 0.84 ± 0.89), somatic (6.05 ± 1.76 vs. 5.30 ± 2.12), and cognitive (2.31 ± 0.90 vs. 2.01 ± 1.10) symptoms compared with controls. No significant differences emerged for emotional or sleep symptoms. |
Kerr et al. [39] | Concussion | 214 former collegiate athletes in NCAA | M/F | Not indicated | 70.4% did not know when they had suffered a concussion. |
McCrea et al. [43] | Concussion | 1532 high-school soccer players | Not indicated | Not indicated | 36.1% lacked awareness of probable concussion. |
Miyashita et al. [45] | Concussion | 454 high-school athletes | M/F | 15.7 | The number of athletes who reported at least 1 concussion history: before study session < after study session (p = 0.00). |
Williams et al, [60] | Concussion | 26 professional soccer players | M | 59.6 | 80.8% athletes who were knocked unconscious would be taken to the emergency room. 80.8% managers would keep players with concussions out of games; 69.3% physiotherapists making return to play decisions regarding concussions. 38.5% athletes would play with a concussion during semi-final playoff games. 57.7% athletes would play through a headache resulting from a concussion. |