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Table 1 EMPRO attributes definition, number of items and scoring description (adapted from Garin et al. [36]). KR-20 Kuder-Richardson 20, EMPRO evaluating measures of patient-reported outcomes

From: Assessing Patient-Centred Outcomes in Lateral Elbow Tendinopathy: A Systematic Review and Standardised Comparison of English Language Clinical Rating Systems

Attribute

Definition

No. of items

Higher scores represent…

Conceptual and measurement model

The rationale for and description of the concept and the populations that a measure is intended to assess and the relationship between these concepts

7

The concept is more clearly stated to be measured. The empirical basis and methods for obtaining the item and for combining them are more appropriate

Reliability

The degree to which an instrument is free from random error

8

More clearly described and superior methods to collect internal consistency data. Better values of Cronbach’s alpha and/or KR-20 coefficients

Validity

The degree to which the instrument measures what it purports to measure

6

More evidence regarding content-related validity of the instrument for its intended use

Responsiveness

An instrument’s ability to detect change over time

3

More clearly described and more appropriate methods to assess sensitivity to change. The estimated magnitude of change is more clearly described, and the results are better

Interpretability

Possibility of assigning meaning to quantitative scores

3

The strategies to facilitate interpretation are more clearly described and appropriate

Burden

The time, effort and other demands placed on those to whom the instrument is administered (respondent burden) or on those who administer the instrument (administrative burden)

7

The skills and time to complete the instrument are more clearly described and acceptable

Alternative modes of administration

Alternative modes of administration used for the administration of the instrument

2

The metric characteristics and use of each alternative mode of administration are specifically described and adequate