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Table 1 Summary of the descriptive characteristics of the wearable sensors

From: Measurement of Upper Limb Range of Motion Using Wearable Sensors: A Systematic Review

Study

Brand

No. of sensors used

Dimensions (mm)

L × W × H

Weight (grams)

Wireless

Components

Sample rate (Hz)

Method of attachment

Participants

First author

Conference/full text

Population

N

Mean age ± SD (years)

Acc

Gyr

Mag

Muller et al. [22]

Full

Xsens—MTw Awinda

2

47 × 30 × 13*

16*

Y*

✓

✓

✓

–

DS tape

Healthy

1

25

Bouvier et al. [23]

Full

Xsens—MTw

4

34.5 × 57.8 × 14.5

27

Y

✓

✓

✓

60

DS tape and elastic

Healthy

10

29 ± 3.4

Robert-Lachaine et al. [24]

Full

Xsens—MVN

17

–

50*

N

✓

✓

✓

30

Velcro

Healthy

12

26.3 ± 4.4

Robert-Lachaine et al. [25]

Full

Xsens—MVN

17

–

50*

N

✓

✓

✓

30

Velcro

Healthy

12

26.3 ± 4.4

Eckardt et al. [26]

Full

Xsens—MVN

17

–

50*

N

✓

✓

✓

120

Body suit

Healthy

20

20.2 ± 5.7

Eckardt et al. [27]

Full

Xsens—MVN

17

–

50*

N

✓

✓

✓

120

Body suit

Healthy

10

23.4 ± 5.3

Alvarez et al. [28]

Full

Xsens—MTx

4

38 × 53 × 21*

30*

N

✓

✓

✓

50

Velcro and elastic

Robot and healthy

1

–

Quinones et al. [29]

Con

Xsens—MTx

7

38 × 53 × 21*

30*

N

✓

✓

✓

50

–

SCI

15

37.4 ± 7.3

Gil-Agudo et al. [30]

Full

Xsens—MTx

5

38 × 53 × 21*

30*

N

✓

✓

✓

25

–

Healthy

1

30

Alvarez et al. [31]

Full

Xsens—MTx

4

40 × 55 × 22

30*

–

✓

✓

✓

50

Elastic

Robot and healthy

2

–

Bai et al. [32]

Con

Xsens—MTx

3

38 × 53 × 20.9

30

N

✓

✓

–

100

–

–

–

–

Bai et al. [33]

Con

Xsens—MTx

2

38 × 53 × 21*

30*

–

✓

✓

✓

120

Velcro

Healthy

1

–

Zhang et al. [34]

Full

Xsens—MTx

3

38 × 53 × 21*

30*

–

✓

✓

✓

100

–

Healthy

4

–

Rodriques-Anglese et al. [35]

Con

Xsens—MTx

2

38 × 53 × 21*

30*

N

✓

✓

✓

100

–

Robot and healthy

1

–

Cutti et al. [36]

Full

Xsens—MT9B

4

39 × 54 × 28

38

N

✓

✓

✓

100

DS tape and elastic

Healthy

1

23

Zhou et al. [37]

Full

Xsens—MT9B

2

–

–

N

✓

✓

✓

25

Velcro

Healthy

4

20–40

Zhou et al. [38]

Full

Xsens—MT9B

2

–

–

N

✓

✓

–

25

–

Healthy

1

–

Perez et al. [39]

Full

Xsens—MTi

4

58 × 58 × 22*

50

–

✓

✓

✓

50

Fabric

Healthy

1

–

Miezal et al. [15]

Full

Xsens

3

–

–

–

✓

✓

✓

120

–

Healthy

1

30

Miguel-Andres et al. [40]

Full

Xsens

3

–

–

N

✓

✓

✓

75

Velcro and DS tape

Healthy

10

29.3 ± 2.21

Luinge et al. [41]

Full

Xsens

2

–

–

N

✓

✓

–

–

DS tape and leukoplast

Healthy

1

–

Morrow et al. [42]

Full

ADPM Opal

6

43.7 × 39.7 × 13.7*

< 25*

Y

✓

✓

✓

80

Strap

Surgeons

6

45 ± 7

Rose et al. [43]

Full

ADPM Opal

6

43.7 × 39.7 × 13.7*

< 25*

Y

✓

✓

–

128

Strap

Surgeons

14

–

Bertrand et al. [44]

Con

ADPM Opal

3

48 × 36 × 13

< 22

Y

✓

✓

✓

–

DS tape

Astronauts

2

–

Fantozzi et al. [45]

Full

ADPM Opal

7

43.7 × 39.7 × 13.7*

< 25*

Y

✓

✓

✓

128

Velcro

Swimmers

8

26.1 ± 3.4

Kirking et al. [46]

Full

ADPM Opal

3

43.7 × 39.7 × 13.7*

22

–

✓

✓

✓

–

DS tape and strap

Healthy

5

–

Ricci et al. [47]

Full

ADPM Opal

6

43.7 × 39.7 × 13.7*

< 25*

Y

✓

✓

–

128

Velcro

Robot

–

–

El-Gohary et al. [48]

Full

ADPM Opal

3

43.7 × 39.7 × 13.7*

< 25a

–

✓

✓

–

128

Velcro

Robot

–

–

Ricci et al. [49]

Con

ADPM Opal

5

43.7 × 39.7 × 13.7*

< 22

Y

✓

✓

–

128

Velcro

Healthy

4 and 4

7 ± 0.3 and 27 ± 1.9

El-Gohary et al. [50]

Full

ADPM Opal

2

43.7 × 39.7 × 13.7*

< 25*

–

✓

✓

–

128^

Velcro

Healthy

8

–

El-Gohary et al. [51]

Con

ADPM Opal

2

43.7 × 39.7 × 13.7*

< 25*

Y

✓

✓

–

–

Strap

Healthy

1

–

Mazomenos et al. [52]

Full

Shimmer 2r

2

–

–

Y

✓

✓

✓

50

Custom holders and elastic

Healthy and stoke

18 and 4

25–50 and 45–73

Tran et al. [53]

Con

Shimmer 2r

2

–

–

Y

✓

✓

✓

18

Strap

Healthy

1

–

Daunoravicene et al. [54]

Full

Shimmer

3

–

–

 

✓

✓

–

51.2

Strap

Stroke

14

60.8 ± 12.5

Bertomu-Motos et al. [55]

Full

Shimmer

2

51 × 34 × 14*

–

Y

✓

✓

✓

–

Strap

Healthy

4 and 50

21–51 and 20–72

Meng et al. [56]

Con

Shimmer

2

51 × 34 × 14*

–

Y

✓

✓

✓

20

Velcro

Spherical coordinate system and healthy

1

–

Peppoloni et al. [57]

Con

Shimmer

3

51 × 34 × 14*

 

Y

✓

✓

✓

100

Velcro

Healthy

1

–

Ruiz-Olaya et al. [58]

Full

InvenSense

MPU9150 chip

2

–

–

N

✓

✓

✓

50

Straps

Healthy

3

–

Callejas –Curervo et al. [59]

Full

InvenSense

MPU9150 chip

2

–

–

N

✓

✓

✓

30

DS tape

Robot and healthy

3

–

Li et al. [60]

Full

InvenSense MPU9150 chip

2

–

–

N

✓

✓

✓

–

–

Stroke and Healthy

35 and 11

–

Gao et al. [61]

Con

InvenSense

MPU9150 chip

2

26.2 × 39.2 × 14.8

–

Y

✓

✓

✓

–

–

Healthy

1

25

Lambretcht et al. [62]

Full

InvenSense

MPU9150 chip

4

12 × 12 × 6

–

N

✓

✓

✓

50

–

Healthy

1

–

Peppoloni et al. [63]

Con

InvenSense

MPU9150 chip

4

–

–

–

✓

✓

✓

–

Velcro

Healthy

1

–

Eom et al. [64]

Full

InvenSense

MPU6050 chip

2

–

–

Y

✓

✓

–

–

Straps

Robot and goniometer

  

Roldan-Jimenez et al. [65]

Full

InterSense InertiaCube3

3

26.2 × 39.2 × 14.8

17

N

✓

✓

✓

–

DS tape and elastic cohesive bandage

Healthy

15

18–35

Roldan-Jimenez et al. [66]

Full

InterSense

InertiaCube3

4

26.2 × 39.2 × 14.8

17

N

✓

✓

✓

1000

DS tape and elastic cohesive bandage

Healthy

11

24.7 ± 4.2

Nguyen et al. [67]

Con

BioKin WMS

2

–

–

Y

✓

✓

✓

200

Straps

Healthy

15

20–60

Karunarathne et al. [68]

Con

BioKin WMS

2

–

–

Y

✓

✓

–

–

Straps

Healthy

4

–

Ligorio et al. [69]

Full

YEI Technology

2

–

–

N

–

✓

–

220

Velcro

Healthy

15

28 ± 3

Vignais et al. [70]

Full

CAPTIV Motion

5

60 × 35 × 19

32

Ya

✓

✓

✓

64

Straps

Healthy

5

41.2 ± 11

Chen et al. [71]

Con

L-P Research Motion Sensor B2

8

39 × 39 × 8*

12

Y

✓

✓

✓

–

–

Goniometer

–

–

Matsumoto et al. [72]

Full

Noraxon Myomotion

13

37.6 × 52 × 18.1

< 34

–

✓

✓

✓

200

–

Healthy and stoke

10 and 1

32.2 ± 9.3 and 27

Schiefer et al. [73]

Full

CUELA

13

–

–

–

✓

✓

✓

50

Velcro

Healthy

20

37.4 ± 9.9

Balbinot et al. [74]

Full

ArduMuV3 chip

9

–

–

Y

✓

✓

✓

20

Straps

–

–

–

Huang et al. [75]

Full

MSULS

4

30 × 35 × 12

–

–

✓

✓

✓

50

Fabric

Healthy and stoke

11 and 22

53 ± 8 and 62 ± 10

Salam et al. [76]

Full

Custom

3

44.45 × 44.45

–

Y

✓

✓

–

150

–

Cricketers

10

–

Chang et al. [77]

Full

Custom

2

–

–

N

✓

✓

✓

–

–

Robot

–

–

Borbely et al. [78]

Con

Custom

2

–

–

N

✓

✓

✓

200

Velcro

–

1

–

Kumar et al. [79]

Full

Custom

14

66.6 × 28.2 × 18.1*

22*

Y*

✓

✓

✓

25

Custom holders and Velcro

Healthy and un-healthy

19 and 19

24.6 ± 6.7 and 68.4 ± 8.9

Lee et al. [80]

Full

Custom

7

66.6 × 28.2 × 18.1

22

Y

✓

✓

✓

25

Straps

Goniometer and stroke

5

68

Cifuentes et al. [81]

Con

Custom

2

43 × 60

–

–

✓

✓

✓

60

Straps

Healthy

9

–

Kanjanapas et al. [82]

Full

Custom

2

–

–

N

✓

✓

✓

100

Orthosis

Healthy

1

25

Zhang et al. [83]

Con

–

2

–

–

Y

✓

✓

✓

–

–

Healthy

1

–

Lin et al. [84]

Full

–

2

–

–

Y

✓

✓

✓

–

Straps

Stroke

25

52.2 ± 10.2 and 62.2 ± 7.1

El-Gohary et al. [85]

Con

–

2

–

–

–

✓

✓

–

–

–

–

–

–

Hyde et al. [86]

Full

–

–

–

–

–

✓

✓

–

–

–

Robot

–

–

  1. Table 1 is organised by the brand of the wearable sensor followed by the date that the study was published. This allows direct comparison to be made within the brand of the wearable sensors and trends to be identified between more recently published studies
  2. Abbreviations: Gms grams, Y yes, N no, Acc accelerometer, Gyr gyroscope, Mag magnetometer, Hz hertz (unit of frequency), SD standard deviation, SCI spinal cord injury, PD Parkinson’s disease, Full full text, Con conference paper, mm millimetre, DS double sided
  3. Key:
  4. Wireless—the wearable sensor system was considered wireless if the wearable sensors did not have wires connecting them to an external source, even if that external source was also mounted on the subject
  5. Sample rate—the number of data samples collected per second by the wearable sensor measured in hertz (Hz) which is the unit of frequency
  6. Custom—defined as a newly developed wearable sensor or modifications have occurred to the pre-existing hardware of the wearable sensor
  7. Symbols:
  8. *The information was obtained from the manufacturer procedure manual or other referenced papers
  9. ^The sample rate was down sampled (reduced) to allow comparison to the MOCAP system
  10. –Information was not reported and/or unclear in the study and/or unable to be obtained from the manufacturer manual