Table 1 Sleep duration and quality in elite athletes measured using polysomnography, electroencephalogram system, actigraphy, or sleep logs
Study | Subjects | Age (years) | Sport(s) | Training and competition volume (h/week) | Time in bed (h:mins) | Sleep latency (mins) | Time asleep (h:mins) | Time awake/wake after sleep onset (h:mins) | Sleep efficiency (%) | Methodology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fuller et al. [98] | 21 M | 22.5 ± 2.7 | Australian Rules football, rugby | 16 ± 16 | 7:27 ± 0:46 | 0:41 ± 0:22 | 88.7 ± 4.9 | Polysomnography | ||
Sargent et al. [117] | 10 M | 15.6 ± 0.5 | Soccer | 9:18 ± 0:54 | 18 ± 8 | 8:00 ± 0:42 | 1:04 ± 0:39 | 86.0 ± 5.0 | Polysomnography | |
Taylor et al. [118] | 7 F | 19.0 ± 2.0 | Swimming | 7:50 ± 0:32 | 19 ± 4 | 7:31 ± 0:30 | 0:04 ± 0:06 | Polysomnography | ||
Tuomilehto et al. [12]a | 23 M | Ice hockey | 8:59 | 18 | 6:55 | 0:54 | Polysomnography | |||
Whitworth-Turner et al. [15] | 12 M | 19.0 ± 1.0 | Soccer | 9:00 | 25 ± 9 | 8:06 ± 0:33 | 0:12 | 93.0 ± 3.0 | EEG system | |
Caia et al. [80] | 7 M | 24.3 ± 2.1 | Rugby | 8:00 ± 0:30 | 17 ± 8 | 6:54 ± 0:24 | 87.3 ± 3.0 | Actigraphy | ||
Caia et al. [102] | 15 M | 25.5 ± 3.7 | Rugby | 8:35 ± 1:02 | 16 ± 18 | 7:31 ± 0:55 | 87.8 ± 3.8 | Actigraphy | ||
Carriço et al. [119] | 25 M | 26.3 ± 4.7 | Soccer | 7:40 ± 0:42 | 24 ± 9 | 6:36 ± 0:45 | 0:30 ± 0:16 | 85.0 ± 5.0 | Actigraphy | |
Dunican et al. [92] | 9 M/F | 18.9. ± 2.9 | Judo | 26 ± 36 | 7:25 ± 0:07 | 0:06 ± 0:04 | 89.0 ± 6.0 | Actigraphy | ||
Eagles and Lovell [120] | 10 M | 24.3 ± 2.6 | Rugby | 7:41 ± 1:29 | 87.0 ± 2.0 | Actigraphy | ||||
Knufinke et al. [44] | 98 M/F | 18.8 ± 3.0 | Road cycling, triathlon, mountain bike, handball, volleyball, soccer | 19.3 ± 5.1 | 8:32 ± 1:10 | 14 ± 16 | 7:50 ± 1:08 | 0:33 ± 0:17 | 88.5 ± 5.5 | Actigraphy |
Lastella et al. [26] | 124 M/F | 22.2 ± 3.0 | Australian Rules football, basketball, soccer, rugby, cycling, mountain bike, race walking, swimming, triathlon | 8:24 | 19 | 6:48 | 86.2 | Actigraphy | ||
Lastella et al. [121] | 21 M | 19.9 ± 1.7 | Cycling | 9:12 ± 0:18 | 28 ± 14 | 7:24 ± 0:36 | 86.4 ± 0.4 | Actigraphy | ||
Leeder et al. [14] | 46 M/F | Canoeing, diving, rowing, short track speed skating | 8:36 ± 0:53 | 18 ± 17 | 6:55 ± 0:43 | 1:17 ± 0:31 | 80.6 ± 6.4 | Actigraphy | ||
Mah et al. [29] | 11 M | 19.4 ± 1.4 | Basketball | 6:41 ± 1:02 | Actigraphy | |||||
O’Donnell et al. [122] | 26 F | 23.0 ± 6.0 | Netball | 9:05 ± 0:47 | 29 ± 16 | 7:16 ± 0:51 | 80.6 ± 6.5 | Actigraphy | ||
Pitchford et al. [123] | 19 M | 22.1 ± 3.5 | Australian Rules football | 8:17 ± 0:32 | 6:59 ± 0:26 | 1:09 ± 0:30 | 84.7 ± 6.5 | Actigraphy | ||
Richmond et al. [124] | 19 M | 24.1 ± 3.3 | Australian Rules football | 8:51 ± 0:06 | 0:42 ± 0:06 | 92.5 ± 1.3 | Actigraphy | |||
Robey et al. [125] | 12 M | 18.5 ± 1.4 | Soccer | 21 ± 11 | 7:13 ± 0:39 | 0:15 ± 0:11 | 89.4 ± 5.8 | Actigraphy | ||
Sargent et al. [64]b | 7 M/F | 22.5 ± 1.7 | Swimming | 7:42 ± 0:54 | 41 ± 43 | 5:24 ± 1:18 | 70.7 ± 15.1 | Actigraphy | ||
Sargent et al. [68] | 70 M/F | 20.3 ± 2.9 | Australian Rules football, basketball, mountain bike, race walking, road cycling, swimming, triathlon | 8:18 ± 1:18 | 6:30 ± 1:24 | 85.6 ± 7.2 | Actigraphy | |||
Schaal et al. [126] | 10 F | 20.4 ± 0.4 | Synchronized swimming | 8:32 ± 0:13 | 17 ± 2 | 7:13 ± 0:11 | 84.7 ± 1.3 | Actigraphy | ||
Shearer et al. [127] | 28 M | 24.4 ± 2.9 | Rugby | 8:49 ± 0:49 | 34 ± 40 | 7:04 ± 1:01 | 1:05 ± 0:39 | 79.0 ± 9.2 | Actigraphy | |
Suppiah et al. [27]b | 11 M | 14.8 ± 0.9 | Badminton, bowling | 6:58 | 5 ± 8 | 6:07 ± 0:39 | 0:38 ± 0:16 | Actigraphy | ||
Suppiah et al. [17]b | 29 M | 14.7 ± 1.3 | Track and field sprint, shooting | 6:45 ± 0:29 | 5:28 ± 0:33 | 1:15 ± 0:23 | 80.9 ± 8.6 | Actigraphy | ||
Thornton et al. [85] | 31 M | 24.5 ± 3.9 | Rugby | 8:16 ± 1:13 | 21 ± 19 | 7:17 ± 01:07 | 0:42 ± 0:17 | 88.1 ± 4.2 | Actigraphy | |
Thornton et al. [45] | 14 M | 26.1 ± 2.9 | Rugby | 7:29 ± 1:21 | 6:55 ± 1:14 | 0:35 ± 0:16 | 92.3 ± 3.0 | Actigraphy | ||
Van Ryswyk et al. [91] | 19 M | 23.7 ± 2.0 | Australian Rules football | 8:35 ± 0:48 | 7:07 ± 0:55 | 82.3 ± 6.5 | Actigraphy | |||
Miller et al. [46] | 16 M | Australian Rules football | 8:29 ± 1:19 | 18 ± 22 | 6:49 ± 1:13 | 1:10 ± 0:33 | 85.5 ± 5.7 | Actigraphy | ||
Miller et al. [46] | 7 M | Soccer | 8:02 ± 2:11 | 10 ± 15 | 6:42 ± 2:00 | 0:57 ± 0:24 | 85.5 ± 5.7 | Actigraphy | ||
Miller et al. [46] | 28 M | Rugby | 8:25 ± 1:41 | 9 ± 11 | 7:10 ± 1:34 | 0:56 ± 0:23 | 88.5 ± 4.2 | Actigraphy | ||
Dumortier et al. [3] | 26 F | 15.4 ± 3.7 | Artistic gymnastics | 25.0 to 32.3 | 9:44 ± 0:42 | 28 ± 12 | 9:03 ± 0:46 | 0:05 ± 0:05 | 93.0 ± 3.7 | Sleep logs |
Fullagar et al. [128] | 15 M | 25.5 ± 4.9 | Soccer | 20 ± 17 | 8:32 ± 1:11 | 91.6 ± 3.7 | Sleep logs | |||
Fullagar et al. [96]b | 16 M | 25.9 ± 7.5 | Soccer | 16 ± 7 | 8:44 ± 0:40 | 0:22 ± 0:39 | Sleep logs | |||
Knufinke et al. [89] | 98 M/F | 18.8 ± 3.0 | Road cycling, triathlon, mountain bike, handball, volleyball, soccer | 19.3 ± 5.1 | 20 ± 14 | 8:11 ± 0:44 | 0:13 ± 0:19 | Sleep logs |