Table 3 Included randomized controlled trials
First author and year | Country | Population characteristics | Timing of intervention | Intervention type | Frequency | Intensity | Supervised | Sample size neonates (E/C) | Neonate outcome | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight | FM | LGA | |||||||||
Erkkola 1975 [54] | Finland | Healthy | 10–14 GW To 38 GW | Aerobic | 3×/wk 60 min | Moderate to Vigorous ~140 bpm HR and fatigue | NR | 44 (23/21) | ● | ||
Hollings- worth 1987 [61] | USA | Type 1 diabetes | 13 GW to 37–40 GW | Aerobic | Daily 20 min after each meal | NR | No | 33 (13/21) | ● | ||
Avery 1997 [47] | USA | GDM sedentary (exercise <2×/wk) | 28 GW to delivery | Aerobic walking and cycling | 3-4×/wk 30 min | Moderate < 70% HR max | Partial | 29 (15/14) | ● | ||
Kihlstrand 1999 [78] | Sweden | Healthy | 20 GW to delivery | Aerobic | 1×/wk, 30 min | NR | Yes | 241 (122/119) | ● | ||
Clapp 2000 [49] | USA | Healthy Did not regularly exercise (not defined) | 8 GW to delivery | Aerobic | 3-5×/wk 20 min | Moderate 55–60% VO2 max | Yes | 46 (22/24) | ● | ● | |
Marquez-Sterling 2000 [66] | USA | No regular exercise in the last year | 18–20 GW to delivery | Aerobic | 3×/wk 60 min | Moderate to vigorous 120–156 bpm | Yes | 15 (9/6) | ● | ||
Garshabi 2005 [56] | Iran | Healthy No history of exercise | 17–22 GW to 29–34 GW | Aerobic and resistance | 3×/wk 60 min | Moderate < 140 bpm | Yes | 212 (107/105) | ● | ||
Santos 2005 [81] | Brazil | Healthy 25 kg/m2 < BMI < 30 kg/m2 | 18 GW to NR | Aerobic and resistance | 3×/wk 40–45 min | Moderate 50–60% HR max < 140 bpm | Yes | 72 (37/35) | ● | ||
Baciuk 2008 [43] | Brazil | No regular exercise | 18–20 GW to delivery | Aerobic | 3×/wk 50 min | Moderate < 70% HR max | Yes | 70 (33/37) | ● | ||
Barakat 2009 [44] | Spain | Healthy Sedentary (exercise < 20 min, 3×/wk) | 12–13 GW to 38–39 GW | Resistance | 3×/wk. 35–40 min | Light to vigorous < 60–< 80% HR max 10–12 Rep range | Yes | 142 (72/70) | ● | ||
De Barros 2010 [52] | Brazil | GDM Sedentary (IPAQ) | 31 GW to delivery | Resistance | 3×/wk 30–40 min | Moderate to vigorous 5–6 RPE/10 | Partial | 64 (32/32) | ● | ||
Hopkins 2010 [62] | New Zealand | Healthy | 2 GW to 36 GW or delivery | Aerobic | ≤ 5 days 40 min | Moderate to vigorous 65% VO2 max | Partial | 84 (47/37) | ● | ● | ● |
Haakstad 2011 [59] | Norway | Healthy No structured exercise (> 60 min 1×/wk) | 17–18 GW 36–38 GW | Aerobic and resistance | 2-7×/wk 60 min | Moderate to vigorous 12–14 RPE | Partial | 105 (52/53) | ● | ||
Nascimento 2011 [68] | Brazil | BMI ≥ 26 kg/m2 | 17 GW to delivery | Aerobic and resistance | 6×/wk 40 min | Moderate < 140 bpm | Partial | 82 (40/42) | ● | ● | |
De Oliveria Melo 2012 [53] | Brazil | Inactive Healthy | 13 or 20 GW to delivery | Aerobic | 3×/wk > 15 min | Moderate to vigorous 60–80% HR max Borg RPE 12–16 | Yes | 171 (54/60/57) | ● | ● | |
Oostdam 2012 [69] | Netherlands | BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 with additional risk factor for GDM | 15 GW to delivery | Aerobic and resistance | 2×/wk 60 min | Moderate to vigorous 12–14 RPE | Yes | 105 (52/53) | ● | ● | |
Pinzon 2012 [72] | Colombia | Healthy | 16–20 GW to 32–36 GW | Resistance | 3×/wk 60 min | Light to moderate 55–75% HR max | Yes | 35 (18/17) | ● | ||
Price 2012 [73] | USA | BMI < 39 kg/m2 No exercise (≥ 1x/wk for 6 months) | 12–14 GW to 36 GW | Aerobic and resistance | 4×/wk 45–60 min | Moderate to vigorous 12–14 RPE | Partial | 62 (31/31) | ● | ||
Barakat 2013 [46] | Spain | Healthy (exercise < 4×/wk) | 6–9 GW to 38–39 GW | Aerobic, resistance | 3×/wk 40–45 min | Light to moderate 60–75% HR max 10–12 Rep range | Yes | 290 (138/152) | ● | ||
Kasawara 2013 [63] | Brazil | Chronic HTN or history of preeclampsia | 12–20 GW to delivery | Aerobic | 1×/wk 30 min | Light to moderate 20% above resting HR to < 140 bpm | Yes | 103 (53/50) | ● | ||
Ruiz 2013 [79] | Spain | Exercise < 20 min < 3×/wk | 9 GW to 38–39 GW | Aerobic and resistance | 3×/wk, 25–30 min | Light to moderate < 60% HRmax Borg RPE 10–12 | Yes | 962 (481/481) | ● | ||
Barakat 2014 [48] | Spain | Healthy | 9–13 GW to 39–40 GW | Aerobic, resistance | 3×/wk 55–60 min | Moderate 55–60% HR max Borg RPE 12–13 | Yes | 200 (107/93) | ● | ||
Cordero 2014 [50] | Spain | Healthy | 10–14 GW to delivery | Aerobic and resistance | 3×/wk, 32 min | Moderate to vigorous < 60% HR max Borg RPE 12–14 | Yes | 257 (101/156) | ● | ||
Ghodsi 2014 [57] | Iran | BMI 19.8–26 kg/m2 No regular exercise | 20–26 GW to 38 GW | Aerobic | 3×/wk 15 min | Light to moderate 50–60% HR max | No | 80 (40/40) | ● | ||
Kong 2014 [64] | USA | BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (< 30 min, 3×/wk) | 12–15 GW To 35 GW | Aerobic | 5×/wk. 30 min | Moderate (step counts) | No | 37 (18/19) | ● | ||
Murtezani 2014 [67] | Kosovo | Healthy (exercise < 20 min, 3×/wk) | 14–20 GW to delivery | Aerobic and resistance | 3×/wk 40–45 min | Moderate to vigorous 12–14 RPE | Yes | 63 (30/33) | ● | ||
Petrov Fieril 2014 [71] | Sweden | Healthy | 14 GW to 25 GW | Resistance | 2×/wk 60 min | Moderate to vigorous (self-selected) | No | 72 (38/34) | ● | ||
Hellenes 2015 [60] | Norway | Healthy | 18–22 GW to 32–36 GW | Aerobic and resistance | 3×/wk 45–60 min | Moderate to vigorous 13–14 RPE | Partial | 855 (429/426) | ● | ||
Ramos 2015 [74] | Brazil | GDM | 24–28 GW to 38 GW | Aerobic | 3×/wk 50 min | NR | NR | 6 (2/4) | ● | ||
Ussher 2015 [76] | United Kingdom | Smokers (> 4 cigarettes/day prior to pregnancy) | 10–24 GW for 8 GW | Aerobic | 1-2×/wk 30 min | Moderate (self-report) | Yes | 713 (354/359) | ● | ||
Barakat 2016 [45] | Spain | Healthy | 9–11 GW to 38–39 GW | Aerobic, resistance | 3×/wk 50–55 min | Moderate to vigorous < 70% HR max Borg RPE 12–14 | Yes | 765 (382/383) | ● | ||
Guelfi 2016 [58] | Australia | History of GDM in previous pregnancies with no structured exercise | 14 to 28 GW | Aerobic | 3×/wk 30-60 min | Moderate to vigorous intervals 65–85% HR max | Yes | 172 (87/85) | ● | ● | |
Perales 2016 [70] | Spain | Pre gestational exercise < 4×/ wk. or current exercise ≤ 2×/wk 20 mins | 9–11 GW To delivery | Aerobic, Resistance | 3×/wk 55-60 min | Light to moderate 55–60% HR max | Yes | 166 (83/83) | ● | ||
Seneviratne 2016 [75] | New Zealand | BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 20 GW to 35 GW | Aerobic | 3 5×/wk 15–30 min | Moderate 40–59% VO2R | No | 74 (37/37) | ● | ● | |
Daly 2017 [51] | Ireland | No diabetes BMI > 30 kg/m2 | 12 GW to 6 wk. post-partum | Aerobic and resistance | 3×/wk 30–40 min | NR | Yes | 87 (44/43) | ● | ||
Labonte 2017 [65] | Canada | Healthy BMI 18.5–25 kg/m2 | 2nd to 3rd trimester | Aerobic | 3×/wk 20 min | Moderate 55% VO2max | Partial | 18 (19/8) | ● | ||
Garnaes 2017 [55] | Norway | BMI > 28 kg/m2 (exercise < 2×/week) | 12–18 GW to delivery | Aerobic and resistance | 3–5/wk 60 min | Moderate to vigorous 12–15 RPE | Partial | 74 (38/36) | ● | ||
Sklempe 2017 [80] | Croatia | GDM | 22–26 GW to delivery | Aerobic and resistance | 2–7×/wk 40–45 min | Moderate 65–75% HR max Borg RPE 13–14 | Partial | 38 (18/20) | ● | ||
Wang 2017 [77] | China | BMI > 24 kg/m2 | 8–12 GW to delivery | Aerobic | 3×/wk 30–60 min | Light to vigorous intervals 50–85% HR max | Yes | 226 (112/114) | ● | ● | |