Table 2 Included observational studies
Study | Country | Method | N (mother-child pairs) | Type of exercise | Intensity | Moment of exposure | Effect of prenatal exercise on offspring, compared to sedentary mothersa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hatch 1993 [31] | USA | Two-centers cohort | 200 | Aerobic, Resistance | Vigorous | Throughout pregnancy | Adjusted birth weight difference: β = + 276 g (95% CI 54, 497) |
Johnson 1994 [33] | USA | Multi-center cohort | 234 | Aerobic | Not specified | Not specified | Birth weight mean difference: + 109.2 g (p < 0.05) |
Sternfeld 1995 [42] | USA | Institute-based, no GDM | 139 | Aerobic | Moderate to vigorous | Throughout pregnancy | Birth weight mean difference: + 68 g (p > 0.05) |
Magann 2002 [37] | USA | Convenience sample | 750 | Aerobic | Moderate | Conception to 28 GW | Birth weight mean difference: -42 g (p = 0.87) |
Nieuwen-huijsen 2002 [39] | England | Population-based | 11,462 | Aerobic | Not specified | 18–20 weeks of pregnancy | Birth weight mean difference: + 16.7 g (95% CI − 11.4, 44.9) |
Duncombe 2006 [29] | Australia | Convenience sample | 148 | Aerobic, Resistance | Vigorous (HR > 140 bpm) | GW 16 to 38 | Birth weight mean difference: − 47 g (p = 0.49) |
Snapp 2008 [41] | USA | Institute-based GDM cohort | 75,160 | Aerobic | Moderate | Throughout pregnancy | Birth weight: no difference LGA prevalence in exercisers: 0.73% (95% CI 0.10, 5.18%) |
Juhl, AJOG, 2010 [35] | Denmark | Population-based (non-smokers only) registry study | 58,435 | Aerobic, resistance | NA | Throughout pregnancy | Adjusted birth weight mean difference: − 23 g (95% CI − 44 to − 1) |
Juhl, Epidemiology 2010 [34] | Denmark | Population-based registry study | 48,781 | Aerobic | Light to vigorous | Not reported | Adjusted birth weight mean difference: − 7 (95% CI − 3 to 16) |
Jukic 2010 [36] | USA | Convenience sample | 1118 | Aerobic, resistance | Vigorous | First trimester (conception to 12 GW) | Adjusted birth weight difference: β = + 40 g (95% CI − 154, 234) |
Hegaard 2010 [32] | Denmark | One-center cohort | 3961 | Aerobic, resistance | Moderate to vigorous | At 16 and 30 GW | Adjusted birth weight mean difference: − 2 g (95% CI − 47, 42; 16 GW), and − 9 (95% CI − 62, 43; 30 GW) |
Fleten 2010 [30] | Denmark | Population-based registry study | 43,705 | Aerobic, resistance | Light to moderate (self-report) | From conception to 17 GW; from 17 to 30 GW | Adjusted birth weight difference: β = − 0.72 g (95%CI − 1.3, − 0.1; 17 GW), and β = − 1.4 g (95% CI − 2.0, − 0.8; 17 to 30 GW) |
Schou Andersen 2012 [40] | Denmark | Population-based registry study | 40,280 | Aerobic, resistance | Not specified | GW 16 and 36 | Birth weight mean difference: − 15 g (p < 0.005) Unadjusted BMI difference at 7.1 years: − 0.1 kg/m2, p < 0.001 |
Millard 2013 [38] | England | Population-based | 4665 | Aerobic, resistance | Not specified | GW 18 | Adjusted variables at 15.5 years: SBP: β = 0.02 (95% CI − 0.3, 0.3) LDLc: β = − 0.003 (95% CI − 0.022, 0.017) HDLc: β = − 0.001 (95% CI − 0.011, 0.009) FG: β = − 0.01 (95% CI − 0.03, 0.001) BMI: β = 0.02 (− 0.07, 0.12) |
Bisson 2017 [28] | Canada | Population-based | 1913 | Aerobic, resistance | Not specified | First, second and third trimester | Adjusted birth weight difference: β = − 2.20 g (95% CI − 4.4, 0.01, 1st trimester) β = − 0.3 g (95% CI − 2.5, 2.0, 2nd trimester) β = 0.34 g (95% CI − 2.4, 3.1, 3rd trimester) LGA risk: RR 0.83 (95% CI 0.67, 1.02; 1st trimester) |