Table 1 Inclusion/exclusion criteria

Study design

Randomized controlled trial OR prospective cohort study (including historical registry-based cohorts where measures were done prospectively)

Any other studies design, e.g., case-control, quasi-experimental, cross-sectional, cluster randomized, retrospective studies (including prospective studies where prenatal exercise was measured retrospectively)

Population

Pregnant women

Non-human populations

Intervention (for RCTs)

Aerobic and/or resistance (strength-) training exercises ≥ 4 weeks in duration

Intervention > 60% non-aerobic/resistance training (e.g., yoga, pilates, pelvic exercises);

Studies of acute exercise, or training < 4 weeks in duration

Exposure (for cohorts)

Aerobic and/or resistance (strength-) training exercises ≥ 4 weeks in duration

Exposures not distinguishing physical activity from aerobic/resistance training; studies not documenting and/or linking prenatal exercise to our offspring outcomes, eg studies only reporting aggregate data for exercisers and non-exercisers

Comparator

No prenatal exercise

Unequal controls, e.g., controls do not receive the same diet information as exercisers, controls also undergo exercise training but to a different degree, etc.

Outcomes (offspring only)

At birth:

• Weight (primary outcome)

• Body composition (fat and/or lean mass)

• Large-for-gestational age status

At follow up (any time after birth):

• Weight

• Body composition (fat and/or lean mass)

• Blood pressure

• Blood glucose

• Blood lipids

Studies not reporting any of these offspring outcomes

Studies reporting these outcomes in a non-extractable format and authors do not agree to share the original data

Timing

Studies done at any point in time