Table 2 Results summary: education
Year | Author | Design | Country | n | Age | CRF | Measure | Association | Direction | p value | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1996 | Lakka et al. [41] | CRF Cross-sectional | FIN (KIHD) | Male 2280 | 42–61 | VO2max (l/min) cycle Protocol: Individual | Mean + SD | Positive gradient | + | p < .001 | 66% |
2014 | Ittermann et al. [45] | Cross-sectional | DE (SHIP-1) & (SHIP-Trend) | male 2074 female 2110 | 20–85 | VO2max (ml/min) cycle Protocol: Standardized (modified Jones) | β | Higher in high vs. low education (m) CRF increases with education (f) | + | p < .009 (m) p < .056 (f) | 84% |
2005 | Dyrstad et al. [42] | CRF cross-sectional | N | Male 900 | 18–19 | VO2max (mL/kg∙min) cycle Protocol: Individual | Mean + SD | 8% higher fitness in high school academic vs. vocational training programs | + | p < .01 | 61% |
2013 | Ceaser et al. [47] | Cross-sectional | US (NHANES) | Total 3245 | 20–49 | VO2max (mL/kg∙min) treadmill Protocol: Standardized (NHANES) | β | Increases with education (Hispanic Americans) | + | p = .01 | 92% |
2006 | Fogelholm et al. [43] | Cross-sectional | FIN | Male 891 | 21–43 | VO2max (mL/kg∙min) cycle Protocol:Individual | β a | Increases with education | + | .01 < p < .05 | 73% |
2014 | Thai et al. [49] | Cross-sectional | US (NHANES) | Total 2761 | 12–49 | Low eVO2max (≤ 31.98 mL/kg∙min) treadmill Protocol: Standardized (NHANES) | OR | Higher odds in medium vs. low education | U | OR 95% CI (1.01–1.97) | 100% |
2014 | Shmueli et al. [50] | Cross-sectional | IL (TAMCIS) | Total 3854 | 20–80 | CRF in METS treadmill Protocol: Standardized (Bruce) | β | Higher mean difference in medium. vs. low education | U | p < .05 p trend = .002 | 63% |
1995 | Braun et al. [44] | Cross-sectional | US (CARDIA) | Total 4930 | 18–30 | Exercise duration (sec) treadmill Protocol: Standardized (modified Balke) | β | Increases with education | + | p < .05 | 92% |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | WL130 (sec) treadmill Protocol: Standardized (modified Balke) | β | No association | Ø | NR |  |
1992 | Sidney et al. [48] | Cross-sectional | US (CARDIA) | Black male 1123 white male 1147 black female 1428 white female 1270 | 18–30 | Exercise duration (sec) treadmill Protocol: Standardized (modified Balke) | β | Increases with education (black male) |  | p < .05 (black male) | 92% |
Higher (white male) highest (white female) | + | p < .001 (white male and female) | |||||||||
No association (black female) | NS | NS (black female) | |||||||||
|  |  |  |  |  |  | WL130 (sec) treadmill Protocol: Standardized (modified Balke) | β | WL130 increases with education (black male) | + | p < .05 (black male) |  |
1984 | Blair et al. [46] | Cross-sectional | US (Cooper Center) | Female 2200 | 18–75 | Exercise Duration (sec) treadmill Protocol: Standardized (modified Balke) | β a | Highest with postgraduate study, some college decreases duration most | U | p < .01 | 63% |
Social mobility | |||||||||||
2009 | Cleland et al. [51] | Prospective cohort | AU (CDAH) | Total 645 | 26–36 | Fitness Decrease (PWC170) cycle Protocol: Standardized (W170) | RR | Higher risk of decrease in fitness than persistent unfit state in persistent medium vs. persistently low SES | (−) | p < .05 | 77% |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Fitness Persists (PWC170) cycle Protocol: Standardized (W170) | RR | Higher risk that unfit state persists than fitness persists in persistent medium vs. persistently low SES | (−) | p < .05 |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Fitness Increase (PWC170) cycle Protocol: Standardized (W170) | RR | Higher likelihood that fitness increases than unfit state persists in high and upwardly mobile vs. persistently low SES | + | p < .05 |  |