|
Mean (SD) or n (%)
|
Early season (n = 418)
|
Midseason (n = 2078)
|
Late season (n = 98)
|
Total (n = 2594)
|
F/χ2
|
p value*
|
|---|
|
Demographic factors
|
|
Age
|
15.25 (1.19)
|
15.31 (1.23)
|
15.76 (1.23)
|
15.3 (1.23)
|
6.97
|
0.001
|
|
History of concussion
|
116 (27.8)
|
596 (28.7)
|
34 (35.4)
|
746 (28.8)
|
2.29
|
0.32
|
|
Years playing at HS level
|
1.65 (1.90)
|
1.73 (1.96)
|
2.13 (2.40)
|
1.73 (1.97)
|
3.88
|
0.21
|
|
Gender (male)
|
418 (100)
|
2074 (99.90)
|
98 (100)
|
2590
|
1.00
|
0.61
|
|
Handedness (right)
|
350 (83.37)
|
1792 (86.23)
|
84 (85.71)
|
2226 (85.81)
|
2.81
|
0.59
|
|
Country (USA)
|
418 (100)
|
2068 (99.50)
|
98 (100.00)
|
2584 (99.61)
|
2.49
|
0.65
|
|
ADHD
|
58 (13.86)
|
282 (13.57)
|
12 (12.24)
|
352 (13.57)
|
0.20
|
0.91
|
|
Learning disorder
|
36 (8.6)
|
196 (9.43)
|
10 (10.20)
|
242 (9.32)
|
0.33
|
0.85
|
|
Days since injury
|
4.09 (1.69)
|
4.24 (1.68)
|
4.18 (1.73)
|
4.21 (1.68)
|
1.52
|
0.22
|
|
Treatment history
|
|
Headaches
|
44 (10.50)
|
260 (12.90)
|
12 (12.80)
|
316 (12.18)
|
1.08
|
0.58
|
|
Migraines
|
36 (9.10)
|
146 (7.30)
|
6 (6.40)
|
188 (7.24)
|
1.72
|
0.42
|
|
Epilepsy/seizures
|
0 (0.00)
|
18 (0.90)
|
0 (0.00)
|
18 (0.69)
|
4.50
|
0.11
|
|
Brain surgery
|
0 (0.00)
|
4 (0.20)
|
0 (0.00)
|
4 (0.15)
|
0.99
|
0.61
|
|
Meningitis
|
2 (0.50)
|
14 (0.70)
|
2 (2.10)
|
18 (0.69)
|
2.81
|
0.25
|
|
Alcohol/substance abuse
|
0 (0.00)
|
2 (0.10)
|
0 (0.0)
|
2 (0.07)
|
0.49
|
0.78
|
|
Depression/anxiety
|
8 (2.00)
|
46 (2.30)
|
2 (2.10)
|
56 (2.15)
|
0.15
|
0.93
|
|
Baseline neurocognitive and symptom scores
|
|
Verbal memory
|
81.73 (10.31)
|
82.78 (10.16)
|
83.08 (10.49)
|
82.62 (10.20)
|
6.69
|
0.001
|
|
Visual memory
|
72.46 (12.95)
|
74.14 (12.83)
|
70.24 (13.90)
|
73.74 (12.83)
|
0.82
|
0.44
|
|
Visual motor speed
|
34.72 (6.26)
|
35.19 (6.95)
|
35.00 (6.14)
|
35.11 (6.79)
|
1.05
|
0.35
|
|
Reaction time
|
0.63 (0.09)
|
0.63 (0.09)
|
0.62 (0.08)
|
0.63 (0.09)
|
11.02
|
< 0.001
|
|
Total symptom score
|
6.02 (10.60)
|
4.35 (7.95)
|
4.54 (8.37)
|
4.54 (8.37)
|
1.88
|
0.15
|
- Italics indicates selection of covariates to control for in outcome measure statistical modeling
- *p values of one-way ANOVAs (continuous variables) and chi-square analyses (χ2; binary and categorical variables) for comparison of those who sustained concussion in the early, mid, or late season
