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Table 2 Frequency, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the different combinations of signs demonstrated during the study period

From: A video review of multiple concussion signs in National Rugby League match play

Combination of signs observed

N (%)

Sensitivity (95% CI)

Specificity (95% CI)

Positive predictive value (95% CI)

Negative predictive value (95% CI)

Clutch/shake head + slow to get up

27 (17.3)

0.20 (0.12–0.28)

0.84 (0.80–0.90)

0.44 (0.27–0.63)

0.63 (0.59–0.67)

Clutch/shake head + slow to get up + vacant stare

21 (13.5)

0.13 (0.07–0.21)

0.87 (0.82–0.91)

0.38 (0.20–0.60)

0.62 (0.59–0.65)

Clutch/shake head + slow to get up + gait ataxia

17 (10.9)

0.10 (0.04–0.17)

0.89 (0.85–0.93)

0.35 (0.31–0.46)

0.61 (0.59–0.64)

Unresponsiveness + clutch/shake head + slow to get up + vacant stare + gait ataxia

15 (9.6)

0.10 (0.05–0.17)

0.91 (0.87–0.95)

0.40 (0.18–0.66)

0.62 (0.59–0.65)

Unresponsiveness + slow to get up + vacant stare + gait ataxia

14 (9.0)

0.07 (0.02–0.13)

0.90 (0.87–0.94)

0.29 (0.10–0.57)

0.61 (0.59–0.63)

Clutch/shake head + slow to get up + vacant stare + gait ataxia

14 (9.0)

0.07 (0.02–0.13)

0.90 (0.87–0.94)

0.29 (0.10–0.57)

0.61 (0.59–0.63)

Slow to get up + vacant stare + gait ataxia

12 (7.7)

0.07 (0.02–0.13)

0.92 (0.89–0.96)

0.33 (0.12–0.64)

0.61 (0.59–0.64)

Unresponsiveness + clutch/shake head + slow to get up + vacant stare

9 (5.8)

0.03 (0.01–0.09)

0.93 (0.91–0.96)

0.22 (0.04–0.59)

0.61 (0.59–0.63)

Unresponsiveness + slow to get up + gait ataxia

5 (3.2)

0.02 (0.00–0.06)

0.96 (0.95–0.98)

0.20 (0.01–0.70)

0.61 (0.60–0.63)

Slow to get up + vacant stare

4 (2.6)

0.02 (0.00–0.05)

0.97 (0.96–0.99)

0.25 (0.01–0.78)

0.61 (0.61–0.63)

Clutch/shake head + gait ataxia

3 (1.9)

0.05 (0.02–0.05)

1.00 (0.98–1.00)

1.00 (0.31–1.00)

0.63 (0.61–0.63)

Slow to get up + gait ataxia

3 (1.9)

0.02 (0.00–0.04)

0.98 (0.97–1.00)

0.33 (0.02–0.87)

0.61 (0.61–0.63)

Unresponsiveness + seizure + clutch/shake head + slow to get up + vacant stare + gait ataxia

3 (1.9)

0.02 (0.00–0.04)

0.98 (0.97–1.00)

0.33 (0.02–0.87)

0.61 (0.61–0.63)

Unresponsiveness + gait ataxia

2 (1.3)

0.02 (0.00–0.03)

0.99 (0.98–1.00)

0.50 (0.03–0.97)

0.62 (0.61–0.62)

Unresponsiveness + slow to get up + vacant stare

1 (0.6)

0.00 (0.00–0.00)

0.99 (0.99–1.00)

0.00 (0.00–0.95)

0.61 (0.61–0.62)

Unresponsiveness + clutch/shake head + slow to get up + gait ataxia

1 (0.6)

0.00 (0.00–0.00)

0.99 (0.99–1.00)

0.00 (0.00–0.95)

0.61 (0.61–0.62)

  1. Note: There were five incidences where “slow to get up” was the only observed sign