| 14.5 km·h−1 (4.03 m·s−1) | Difference between 0% BWS ± 90 CL (ES)a | Difference between BWS ± 90 CL (ES)b | 16.1 km·h−1 (4.47 m·s−1) | Difference between 0% BWS ± 90 CL (ES) | Difference between BWS ± 90 CL (ES) | 17.7 km·h−1 (4.92 m·s−1) | Difference between 0% BWS ± 90 CL (ES) | Difference between BWS ± 90 CL (ES) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Running economy (VO2 ml·kg−1·min−1) | |||||||||
 0% BWS | 45.4 ± 2.4 |  |  | 50.6 ± 2.4 |  |  | 57.8 ± 2.9 |  |  |
 10% BWS | 39.6 ± 2.7 | − 12.8 ± 4.1 (2.29) |  | 44.6 ± 2.1 | − 11.9 ± 2.5 (2.39) |  | 49.8 ± 3.4 | − 13.9 ± 3.2 (2.57) |  |
 20% BWS | 30.9 ± 1.3 | − 31.9 ± 4.2 (6.45) | − 21.9 ± 4.0 (4.16) | 36.9 ± 1.3 | − 27.2 ± 4.8 (6.00) | − 17.4 ± 4.9 (3.61) | 41.3 ± 2.6 | − 28.6 ± 5.5 (5.78) | − 17.0 ± 6.1 (3.21) |
 30% BWS | 28.1 ± 1.6 | − 38.1 ± 7.8 (8.04) | − 9.0 ± 4.6 (1.59) | 33.9 ± 1.7 | − 33.1 ± 3.5 (7.61) | − 8.1 ± 2.7 (1.60) | 37.2 ± 2.5 | − 35.8 ± 5.8 (7.61) | − 10.1 ± 1.6 (1.83) |
Respiratory exchange ratio (VCO2/VO2) | |||||||||
 0% BWS | 0.82 ± 0.04 |  |  | 0.84 ± 0.03 |  |  | 0.86 ± 0.04 |  |  |
 10% BWS | 0.83 ± 0.04 | 1.9 ± 1.2 (0.29) |  | 0.83 ± 0.03 | − 1.2 ± 0.9 (0.24) |  | 0.85 ± 0.03 | − 1.6 ± 0.7 (0.28) |  |
 20% BWS | 0.83 ± 0.04 | 0.1 ± 1.4 (0.02) | 0.9 ± 1.6 (0.22) | 0.83 ± 0.04 | − 1.9 ± 1.9 (0.38) | − 1.1 ± 2.5 (0.21) | 0.84 ± 0.04 | − 1.3 ± 1.3 (0.21) | − 0.1 ± 2.0 (0.01) |
 30% BWS | 0.83 ± 0.04 | 0.2 ± 1.5 (0.03) | − 1.4 ± 1.4 (0.14) | 0.83 ± 0.04 | − 2.6 ± 2.4 (0.51) | 0.0 ± 1.0 (0.00) | 0.84 ± 0.03 | − 1.2 ± 2.2 (0.20) | − 0.4 ± 2.4 (0.06) |
Minute ventilation (L·min−1) | |||||||||
 0% BWS | 52.3 ± 5.8 |  |  | 56.8 ± 5.7 |  |  | 60.4 ± 7.8 |  |  |
 10% BWS | 50.1 ± 4.6 | − 5.2 ± 4.4 (0.38) |  | 53.3 ± 4.6 | − 5.7 ± 4.4 (0.51) |  | 59.5 ± 6.0 | − 1.3 ± 9.6 (0.09) |  |
 20% BWS | 48.6 ± 4.1 | − 6.2 ± 5.3 (0.46) | − 4.3 ± 5.6 (0.32) | 51.3 ± 6.3 | − 9.8 ± 4.3 (0.90) | − 5.5 ± 7.7 (0.50) | 55.4 ± 4.8 | − 8.0 ± 8.4 (0.56) | − 6.8 ± 6.6 (0.47) |
 30% BWS | 46.2 ± 2.6 | − 11.3 ± 10.9 (0.86) | − 3.7 ± 5.4 (0.27) | 49.9 ± 4.7 | − 12.0 ± 8.8 (1.12) | − 2.5 ± 9.5 (0.22) | 54.9 ± 5.0 | − 8.7 ± 8.4 (0.61) | − 0.7 ± 2.2 (0.05) |
Respiratory frequency (breathes·min−1) | |||||||||
 0% BWS | 34.4 ± 4.6 |  |  | 35.6 ± 4.7 |  |  | 37.0 ± 5.1 |  |  |
 10% BWS | 34.0 ± 5.1 | 2.2 ± 13.0 (0.12) |  | 34.9 ± 5.0 | − 2.2 ± 9.2 (0.13) |  | 36.1 ± 4.6 | − 2.8 ± 4.2 (0.20) |  |
 20% BWS | 33.4 ± 3.5 | − 0.7 ± 10.1 (0.04) | 1.3 ± 8.3 (0.07) | 32.7 ± 5.7 | − 7.8 ± 8.9 (0.49) | − 8.3 ± 9.9 (0.52) | 33.8 ± 5.0 | − 6.1 ± 4.9 (0.45) | − 6.4 ± 11.6 (0.47) |
 30% BWS | 29.4 ± 4.2 | − 12.3 ± 19.0 (0.74) | − 13.0 ± 15.6 (0.78) | 31.2 ± 2.7 | − 11.3 ± 14.1 (0.71) | − 4.1 ± 16.2 (0.25) | 33.6 ± 4.2 | − 8.5 ± 9.4 (0.64) | 1.0 ± 12.9 (0.07) |
Heart rate (BPM) | |||||||||
 0% BWS | 143 ± 5 |  |  | 150 ± 6 |  |  | 157 ± 8 |  |  |
 10% BWS | 135 ± 6 | − 5.0 ± 2.6 (1.33) |  | 143 ± 5 | − 4.8 ± 2.7 (0.99) |  | 150 ± 6 | − 4.7 ± 2.8 (0.87) |  |
 20% BWS | 126 ± 3 | − 11.7 ± 3.3 (3.21) | − 7.0 ± 1.9 (1.88) | 132 ± 5 | − 11.9 ± 3.5 (2.52) | − 7.4 ± 2.1 (1.53) | 141 ± 5 | − 10.0 ± 3.9 (1.92) | − 5.6 ± 2.0 (1.05) |
 30% BWS | 121 ± 5 | − 15.1 ± 4.9 (4.23) | − 3.9 ± 2.2 (1.03) | 129 ± 7 | − 14.3 ± 3.5 (3.08) | − 2.8 ± 3.2 (0.56) | 137 ± 8 | − 12.7 ± 4.8 (2.46) | − 2.9 ± 4.1 (0.54) |
RPE (6–20 AU) | |||||||||
 0% BWS | 13.7 ± 1.3 |  |  | 14.7 ± 1.1 |  |  | 15.6 ± 1.3 |  |  |
 10% BWS | 11.9 ± 0.7 | − 13.4 ± 6.9 (1.39) |  | 12.6 ± 0.8 | − 14.5 ± 4.7 (1.88) |  | 13.6 ± 0.8 | − 12.7 ± 6.7 (1.49) |  |
 20% BWS | 10.6 ± 0.8 | − 22.8 ± 4.8 (2.51) | − 10.9 ± 4.7 (1.12) | 11.4 ± 0.8 | − 22.3 ± 9.4 (3.03) | − 9.1 ± 5.6 (0.45) | 12.4 ± 1.0 | − 20.2 ± 9.5 (2.46) | − 8.5 ± 5.5 (0.98) |
 30% BWS | 9.9 ± 0.9 | − 28.1 ± 7.4 (3.19) | − 6.9 ± 5.0 (0.69) | 11.0 ± 0.6 | − 25.2 ± 9.3 (3.48) | − 3.7 ± 4.8 (1.15) | 11.7 ± 0.8 | − 24.7 ± 10.5 (3.10) | − 5.7 ± 4.1 (0.64) |