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Table 3 Biomechanical characteristics of female runners by velocity and different levels of body weight support

From: Physiological and Biomechanical Responses of Highly Trained Distance Runners to Lower-Body Positive Pressure Treadmill Running

 

12.9 km·h−1 (4.03 m·s−1)

Difference between 0% BWS ± 90 CL (ES)a

Difference between BWS ± 90 CL (ES)b

14.5 km·h−1 (4.47 m·s−1)

Difference between 0% BWS ± 90 CL (ES)

Difference between BWS ± 90 CL (ES)

16.1 km·h−1 (4.92 m·s−1)

Difference between 0% BWS ± 90 CL (ES)

Difference between BWS ± 90 CL (ES)

Stride length (m)

 0% BWS

1.33 ± 0.08

  

1.55 ± 0.07

  

1.65 ± 0.08

  

 10% BWS

1.49 ± 0.07

12.4 ± 1.4 (1.74)

 

1.60 ± 0.09

3.2 ± 1.5 (0.64)

 

1.69 ± 0.08

2.3 ± 0.4 (0.45)

 

 20% BWS

1.52 ± 0.07

14.8 ± 1.6 (2.05)

2.2 ± 0.3 (0.31)

1.65 ± 0.08

6.2 ± 0.9 (1.24)

2.9 ± 1.0 (0.59)

1.73 ± 0.08

4.6 ± 0.5 (0.87)

2.2 ± 0.5 (0.43)

 30% BWS

1.62 ± 0.08

22.2 ± 1.7 (2.98)

6.5 ± 0.8 (0.93)

1.71 ± 0.09

10.4 ± 1.0 (2.05)

4.0 ± 0.7 (0.81)

1.77 ± 0.08

7.2 ± 0.5 (1.34)

2.5 ± 0.5 (0.47)

Stride rate (steps·min−1)

 0% BWS

182.4 ± 3.3

  

183.9 ± 3.0

  

186.1 ± 3.9

  

 10% BWS

181.6 ± 2.8

− 0.4 ± 0.6 (0.20)

 

182.9 ± 2.8

− 0.5 ± 0.6 (0.21)

 

184.5 ± 3.4

− 0.9 ± 0.5 (0.37)

 

 20% BWS

177.9 ± 2.5

− 2.5 ± 0.7 (1.21)

− 2.1 ± 0.5 (1.01)

179.0 ± 1.7

− 2.6 ± 0.8 (1.20)

− 2.2 ± 0.7 (0.99)

181.8 ± 2.7

− 2.3 ± 0.8 (0.99)

− 1.5 ± 0.5 (0.63)

 30% BWS

174.6 ± 2.4

− 4.2 ± 0.9 (2.10)

− 1.8 ± 0.5 (0.89)

176.5 ± 1.9

− 4.0 ± 1.1 (1.83)

− 1.4 ± 0.5 (0.63)

178.6 ± 2.3

− 4.0 ± 1.1 (1.72)

− 1.7 ± 0.6 (0.73)

Contact time (ms)

 0% BWS

224.0 ± 8.2

  

210.8 ± 6.6

  

197.1 ± 6.7

  

 10% BWS

215.6 ± 6.1

− 3.8 ± 1.3 (1.32)

 

205.1 ± 7.2

− 2.7 ± 0.9 (0.77)

 

188.3 ± 7.1

− 4.5 ± 1.1 (1.22)

 

 20% BWS

204.0 ± 6.8

− 8.9 ± 1.9 (3.22)

− 5.4 ± 1.4 (1.90)

187.6 ± 6.2

− 11.0 ± 0.8 (3.31)

− 8.5 ± 0.9 (2.54)

177.8 ± 6.3

− 9.8 ± 0.4 (2.73)

− 5.6 ± 1.3 (1.51)

 30% BWS

191.5 ± 8.5

− 14.5 ± 1.4 (5.40)

− 6.1 ± 1.7 (2.18)

180.5 ± 6.3

− 14.4 ± 1.3 (4.42)

− 3.8 ± 0.6 (1.11)

171.1 ± 6.7

− 13.2 ± 0.5 (3.74)

− 3.7 ± 0.5 (1.01)

Flight duration (ms)

 0% BWS

127.5 ± 8.2

  

130.6 ± 7.7

  

137.8 ± 7.9

  

 10% BWS

138.8 ± 6.1

8.9 ± 4.5 (1.15)

 

143.1 ± 7.1

9.6 ± 2.3 (1.36)

 

152.8 ± 7.9

10.9 ± 1.0 (1.57)

 

 20% BWS

160.5 ± 6.8

26.0 ± 2.9 (3.10)

15.7 ± 2.9 (1.64)

169.1 ± 8.8

29.5 ± 1.9 (3.84)

18.1 ± 3.4 (2.48)

173.1 ± 8.0

25.7 ± 1.5 (3.47)

13.4 ± 1.2 (1.90)

 30% BWS

181.4 ± 8.5

42.4 ± 2.9 (4.74)

13.0 ± 1.2 (1.96)

185.5 ± 8.0

42.1 ± 2.7 (5.22)

9.7 ± 1.3 (1.38)

190.3 ± 9.1

38.2 ± 1.3 (4.90)

9.9 ± 1.2 (1.43)

  1. Data are means ± SD
  2. BWS body weight support, CL confidence limits, ES effect size
  3. aRepresents the difference as percent ± 90 CL and the effects between levels of BWS and 0% BWS (e.g., 0% BWS and 10% BWS; 0% BWS and 20% BWS; 0% BWS and 30% BWS)
  4. bRepresents the difference as percent ± 90 CL and the effects between 10% BWS and 20% BWS or between 20% BWS and 30% BWS