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Table 4 CAR relationships to physical activity (n = 12)

From: Exercise and the Cortisol Awakening Response: A Systematic Review

Citation

Population

Variable

Physical activity measure

Results

Physical activity monitoring

 Bogg & Slatcher [59]

960 adults; 25–74 years

Saliva; 0 h, + 0.5 h; CAR

Physical activity survey, vig./mod., general activity

No relationships

 Dubose & McKune [66]

23 females children; 8.4 ± 0.9 years

Saliva; 0 h, + 0.5 h; AUCg

5-day tracking via Actigraph

Vig. and MVPA vs. + 0.5 h (r = .52, .39), vig vs. AUCg (r = .46)

 Eek et al. [60]

352 female, 229 male; 46.3 ± 10.7 years

Saliva; 0 h, + 0.5 h; CAR%, CARμ, CMP

SOFI-20

CAR vs. LoE (r = .11), PE (r = .11); 0 h vs. PE (r = −.1)

 Heaney et al. (2014) [72]

36 community-dwelling adults; 65–88 years

Saliva; 0 h, + 0.5 h; CAR

West of Scotland Twenty-07 Study

No difference based on activity level

 Heaney et al. (2012) [86]

24 students (20 ± 1.16 years) and 48 older adults (75.6 ± 6.35 years)

Saliva; 0 h, + 0.5 h; CAR

Whitehall Study questionnaire

No relationships

 Martikainen et al. [64]

272 adolescents; 12.4 ± 0.5

Saliva; 0 h, + 0.25 h, + 0.5 h, + 0.75 h, + 1 h; AUCg

12 h Actiwatch; PA, ST, vig. PA

Female AUCg partial correlations with PA, ST, vig. PA

 McHale et al. [69]

28 adolescents; 13.3 ± 2.3 years

Saliva; 0 h, + 0.5 h; CAR, peak

DISE-YV

No effects

 Pulopulos et al. [68]

86 older adults; 64.42 ± 3.93 years

Saliva; 0 h, + 0.5 h, + 0.45 h; AUCi

PA, walking speed

AUCi correlated with WS (r = −.223); PA significant covariate in regression model

 Strahler et al. (2010a) [71]

Older and younger ballroom dancers and controls

Saliva; 0 h, + 0.5 h; CAR, AUCg

PA (h/week)

No relationship

 Vreeburg et al. [61]

418 adults from Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety; 43.0 ± 14.7 years

Saliva; 0 h, + 0.5 h, + 0.45 h, + 1 h; AUCg, AUCi

Physical Activity Questionnaire

Partial correlations with PA and AUCg (β=.13) AUCi (β= − .11)

 Zeiders et al. [70]

100 adolescents of Mexican-origin families; 15.3 ± 0.5 years

Saliva; 0 h, + 0.5 h; CAR

Daily exercise self-report

No relationship

Physical Function Tests

 Gardner et al. [73]

962 males; 73.4 ± 4.17 years; CaPS cohort

Saliva; 0 h, + 0.5 h; CAR

“Get up and go” and “flamingo” tests

No relationship

  1. CaPS Caerphilly Prospective Study, vig vigerous, mod moderate, SOFI-20 Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory, PA physical activity, WS walking speed, ST sedentary time, PE physical exertion, LoE lack of energy