Evidence of Concussion Signs in National Rugby League Match Play: a Video Review and Validation Study

Sports Medicine - Open

Table 4 Rates, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for concussion signs

Concussion sign	Sign present	Medically Dx concussion with sign	Sign absent	Medically Dx concussion without sign	Sign sens	95% CI	Sign spec	95% CI	PPV	95% CI	NPV	95% CI
Clutching or shaking head	212	38	171	22	0.63	0.51–0.75	0.46	0.44–0.48	0.18	0.14–0.21	0.87	0.83–0.91
Slow to get up	223	60	160	0	1.00	0.93–1.00	0.50	0.48–0.50	0.27	0.25–0.27	1.00	0.97–1.00
Gait ataxia	102	35	281	25	0.58	0.46–0.70	0.79	0.77–0.81	0.34	0.27–0.41	0.91	0.86–0.94
Blank or vacant stare	98	45	285	15	0.75	0.63–0.84	0.84	0.81–0.85	0.46	0.39–0.52	0.95	0.92–0.97
Unresponsiveness	52	24	331	36	0.40	0.29–0.50	0.91	0.89–0.93	0.46	0.34–0.58	0.89	0.87–0.91
Possible seizure	4	3	379	57	0.05	0.02–0.07	1.00	0.99–1.00	0.75	0.22–0.99	0.85	0.84–0.85

Note: All calculations were made using the number of times the sign was seen in concussed players, contrasted to the total number of times one or more signs (that appeared to represent a concussion) were seen (n = 383), for the entire season
≥ greater than or equal to, CI confidence interval, Dx diagnosed, n number, NPV negative predictive value, PPV positive predictive value, Sens sensitivity, Spec specificity