Table 3 Risk Factors of the Athletes
A. Sport | |||
Factor | SA Carriers/participants (%) | p value (test) | |
Baseball | 18/31 (58.1%) | p = 0.422 (chi2) | |
Basketball | 13/19 (68.4%) | ||
Football | 30/48 (62.5%) | ||
Weight-lifting | 8/16 (50.0%) | ||
Handball | 34/54 (63.0%) | ||
Rugby | 39/56 (70.0%) | ||
Individual sports/martial arts (wrestling, judo, karate) | 33/56 (58.9%) | ||
Volleyball | 8/20 (40.0%) | ||
B. Hygiene | |||
Factor | Modality | SA Carriers/participants (%) | p value (test) |
Shared equipment | NO | 39/61 (63.9%) | p = 0.566 (chi2) |
YES | 142/237 (59.9%) | ||
Shared healthcare materials | NO | 149/240 (62.1%) | p = 0.495 (chi2) |
YES | 32/56 (57.1%) | ||
Shared personal effects | NO | 108/176 (61.4%) | p = 0.946 (chi2) |
YES | 75/123 (61.0%) | ||
Skin damage during sport | Never | 22/42 (52.4%) | p = 0.574 (Fisher) |
Rarely | 57/94 (60.6%) | ||
Sometimes | 75/119 (63.0%) | ||
Often | 24/35 (68.6%) | ||
Always | 5/10 (50.0%) | ||
Sauna use | NO | 176/285 (61.5%) | p = 0.093 (chi 2 ) |
YES | 5/13 (38.5%) | ||
Use of training pool | NO | 180/296 (60.8%) | p = 1.000 (Fisher) |
YES | 1/2 (50.0%) | ||
Weights room use | NO | 154/246 (62.6%) | p = 0.152 (chi 2 ) |
YES | 27/52 (51.9%) | ||
Skin lesion disinfection | NO | 77/132 (58.3%) | p = 0.473 (chi2) |
YES | 103/165 (62.4%) | ||
Protection of skin lesions | NO | 119/198 (60.1%) | p = 0.905 (chi2) |
YES | 59/97 (60.8%) | ||
Protection of skin lesions during sport | NO | 87/158 (61.4%) | p = 0.767 (chi2) |
YES | 83/139 (59.7%) | ||
Shower/bath frequency | Every other day | 23/31 (74.2%) | p = 0.267 (chi2) |
Once a day | 126/211 (59.7%) | ||
Several times a day | 33/57 (57.9%) | ||
C. Medical history in the previous year | |||
Factor | modality | SA Carriers/participants (%) | p value (test) |
Hospitalization | NO | 156/257 (60.7%) | p = 0.795 (chis2) |
YES | 27/43 (62.8%) | ||
Superficial skin lesions | NO | 130/215 (60.5%) | p = 0.763 (chi2) |
YES | 53/85 (62.4%) | ||
Skin abscess | NO | 175/291 (60.1%) | p = 0.096 (Fisher) |
YES | 8/9 (88.9%) | ||
Pneumonia | NO | 181/297 (60.9%) | p = 1.000 (Fisher) |
YES | 2/3 (66.7%) | ||
Antibiotic treatment | NO | 158/256 (61.7%) | p = 0.447 (chi2) |
YES | 21/38 (55.3%) | ||
Long-term antibiotics | NO | 182/294 (61.9%) | p = 0.035 (Fisher) |
YES | 1/6 (16.7%) | ||
Chronic disease | NO | 173/281 (61.6%) | p = 0.440 (chi2) |
YES | 10/19 (52.6%) | ||