The Effect of Fluid Intake Following Dehydration on Subsequent Athletic and Cognitive Performance: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

McCartney, Danielle; Desbrow, Ben; Irwin, Christopher

doi:10.1186/s40798-017-0079-y

Sports Medicine - Open

Table 1 Characteristics of research studies evaluating athletic performance on continuous exercise tasks (studies are presented by order of effect)

From: The Effect of Fluid Intake Following Dehydration on Subsequent Athletic and Cognitive Performance: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Citation	Participants	VO_{2 max}	Dh protocol (exercise intensity); ambient temperature; duration	Total REC (min)	Dh trial BM loss (%)	Fluid type	Fluid assimilation time (min)	Fluid intake (L kg BM lost⁻¹)	Duration (min)	Performance indicator	Ambient temperature; RH; airflow	Hedges’ g
Kenefick et al. (2010a) [41]	8 M	43.6 ± 4.1	EX; 50 °C; 3-h W/R	120	4.1	NaCl	300	1.05	15	TW _{(cycle ergometer)}	10 °C	0.05
Chevront et al. (2005a) [42]	8 (6 M), physically active	48 ± 9	HT	210	3.0	NS	390	1.00	30	TW _{(cycle ergometer)}	2 °C; 50%; 2.2 m/s	0.11
Stewart et al. (2014) [37]	7 M, recreational cyclists	52.7 ± 7.9	EX (H); 37 °C; 120 min	120	3.8	Water	120	1.15	7.2	TT _{(cycle ergometer)}	18–25 °C; 20–30%	0.12
McConell et al. (1999a) [25]	8 M, well-trained cyclists/triathletes	63.8 ± 1.2	EX (V); 21 °C; 45 min	0	1.9	Water	45	1.00	15	TW _{(cycle ergometer)}	21 °C; 41%; airflow NS	0.15
McConell et al. (1999b) [25]	8 M, well-trained cyclists/triathletes	63.8 ± 1.2	EX (V); 21 °C; 45 min	0	1.9	Water	45	0.50	15	TW _{(cycle ergometer)}	21 °C; 41%; airflow NS	0.24
McConell et al. (1997a) [24]	7 M, well-trained cyclists/triathletes	68. ± 2.5	EX (V); 21 °C, 120 min	0	3.2	Deionized water	120	0.50	3.5	TTE _{(cycle ergometer)}	21 °C, 43%; airflow NS	0.24
Kenefick et al. (2006) [36]	8 M, unacclimated	63.7 ± 10.2	EX (M); 36 °C; 75 min	30	2.3	NaCl + NNS	20	1.00	55	TTE _{(treadmill running)}	37 °C; 42%	0.28*
Hillman et al. (2011a) [29]	7 M, unacclimated, competitive cyclists	NS	EX (V); 34 °C; 90 min	15	3.0	Water	105	1.00	7.2	PO _{(cycle ergometer)}	23 °C	0.32
Chevront et al. (2005b) [42]	8 (6 M) physically active	48 ± 9	HT	210	2.9	NS	390	1.00	30	TW _{(cycle ergometer)}	20 °C; 50%; 1 m/s	0.35*
Paik et al. (2009) [50]	10 M, moderately active	53.6 ± 11.4	HT	120	3.0	Water	120	1.00	30	TTE _{(treadmill running)}	NS	0.43
McConell et al. (1997b) [24]	7 M, well-trained cyclists/triathletes	68.4 ± 2.5	EX (V); 21 °C, 120 min	0	3.2	Deionized water	120	1.00	4.2	TTE _{(cycle ergometer)}	21 °C, 43%; airflow NS	0.58*
Hillman et al. (2011b) [29]	7 M, unacclimated, competitive cyclists	NS	EX (V); 34 °C; 90 min	15	3.8	Water	105	1.00	7.2	PO _{(cycle ergometer)}	34 °C	0.60*
Kenefick et al. (2010c) [41]	8 M	46.3 ± 5.2	EX; 50 °C; 3-h W/R	120	4.0	NaCl	300	1.05	15	TW _{(cycle ergometer)}	30 °C	0.64*
Castellani et al. (1997) [62]	8 M, unacclimated	57.9 ± 4.5	EX (M); 33 °C; 180 min	135	4.1	NaCl + NNS	120	0.50	72	TTE _{(treadmill walking)}	36 °C; 47%; 2.3 m/s	0.68*
Walsh et al. (1994a) [33]	6 M, endurance cyclists/ triathletes	61.4 ± 4.4	EX (V); 30 °C; 60 min	0	1.8	NaCl + NNS	50	0.90	8.2	TTE _{(cycle ergometer)}	30 °C; 60%; 0.8 m/s	0.74*
Kenefick et al. (2010b) [41]	8 M	45.3 ± 4.6	EX; 50 °C; 3-h W/R	120	4.2	NaCl	300	1.05	15	TW _{(cycle ergometer)}	20 °C	0.79
Kavouras et al. (2006) [77]	8 M, acclimated, endurance cyclists	61.4 ± 2.3	FR + EX (M); 120 min	>12 h	3.9	Water + NNS	80	0.75	23	TTE _{(cycle ergometer)}	37 °C; 48%; 2.54 m/s	0.81*
Kenefick et al. (2010d) [41]	8 M	43.7 ± 7.0	EX; 50 °C; 3-h W/R	120	4.1	NaCl	300	1.05	15	TW _{(cycle ergometer)}	40 °C	0.87*
Below et al. (1994) [63]	8 M, acclimated, endurance trained	62.9 ± 2.8	EX (V); 31 °C; 50 min	0	2.0	NaCl + NNS	50	1.00	11	TT _{(cycle ergometer)}	31 °C; 54%	0.89*
Casa et al. (2000) [76]	8 M, unacclimated, endurance cyclists	61.4 ± 2.3	FR + EX (M); 120 min	>12 h	3.9	NaCl + NNS	35	0.50	27	TTE _{(cycle ergometer)}	37 °C; 2.3 m/s	1.25*
Melin et al. (1994) [47]	6 M, unacclimated, endurance trained	57.5 ± 4.2	HT	60	2.6	Water	NS	0.50	97	TTE _{(treadmill marching)}	35 °C; 20–30%; 0.8 m/s	1.23*
Hasegawa et al. (2006) [64]	9 M, untrained	48.5 ± 4.5	EX (M); 32 °C; 60 min	4	1.6	Water	65	1.00	4.4	TTE _{(cycle ergometer)}	32 °C; 80%	4.01*

Exercise intensity is described as high (H), vigorous (V) or moderate (M), in accordance with classifications outlined by Norton et al. [86]. Values are Hedges’ g effect sizes
Dh dehydration, EX exercise, FR fluid restriction, HT heat, NNS non-nutritive sweetener, NS not specified, PO power output, RH relative humidity, Total REC time from completing the dehydration protocol to commencing the subsequent task, TT time trial, TTE time to exhaustion, TW total work, W/R work rest cycle
*Significant difference between performances undertaken with and without fluid replacement (p < 0.05)

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