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Table 1 Studies assessing muscle strength and hypertrophy responses to resistance training under conditions of hypoxia

From: Resistance Training Using Different Hypoxic Training Strategies: a Basis for Hypertrophy and Muscle Power Development

 

n

N-CG (n)

Training level

H cond.

Level of hypoxia

Training intervention

Additional hypoxia effects with respect to the CG

Weeks (s/w)

Volume

Exercise

Muscle strength

Muscle structure

Friedman et al. [14]

19

Yes (9)

Untrained

NH (H room)

12% FiO2

4 weeks

(3)

30% 1RM

6 × 25 reps.

(Rest 60 s )

Knee extension

1RM (ns)

MIKS (ns)

End-50 (ns)

CSA (ns)

Fiber TD (ns)

Ho et al. [15]

18

Yes (9)

Untrained

NH (hypoxic tent)

15% FiO2

(+10 min pre- and post-training)

6 weeks

(3)

10RM

3 × 10RM

(Rest 120 s)

Back squat

1RM (ns)

MIS-60 (ns)

MIKS 60/s (ns)

 

Kon et al. [16]

16

Yes (7)

Untrained

NH (hypoxia room)

14% FiO2

(+10-15 min pre- and 30-60 min post-training)

8 weeks

(2)

70% 1RM

5 × 10

(Rest 90 s)

Bench press

Leg press

1RM (ns)

CSA (ns)

Kurobe et al. [17]

13

Yes (7)

Untrained

NH (hypoxia room)

13% FiO2

(+30 min pre-training +60 min post-training)

8 weeks

(3)

10RM

3× rep. to failure

(Rest 60 s)

Elbow extension

10RM (ns)

 

Manimmanakorn et al. [21, 22]

30

Yes (10)

Well-trained netball players

NH (face mask)

80% SaO2

5 weeks

(3)

20% 1RM

3× rep. to failure

(Rest 30 s)

Knee flexion

Knee extension

MIS-80°▲

MIS-30â–²

End-20â–²

CSA â–²

Nishimura et al. [31]

14

Yes (7)

Untrained

NH (hypoxia room)

16% FiO2

(+30 min pre- and post-training)

6 weeks

(2)

70% 1RM

4 × 10 reps.

(rest 60 s)

Elbow extension

Elbow flexion

1RM (ns)

CSA (ns)

  1. n sample size, N-CG normoxia control group (sample size), H cond. hypoxia condition, NH normobaric hypoxia, FiO 2 inspired fraction of oxygen, Weeks s/w number of session performed in the week, volume %RM load expressed as a percentage of 1 repetition maximum, sets × repetitions interset rest period, MIS maximal isometric strength, MIKS maximal isokinetic strength, End-n strength endurance capacity test of n repetitions, CSA cross-sectional area, fiber TD fiber type distribution, ▲ increase, ▼ decrease, ns non-significant change