Table 4 Summary of free-living energy expenditure estimation studies in persons who use wheelchairs

Tanhoffer et al. [66]

14 SCI (1 F). (C4–T12)

TDEE (DLW)

14 days

SenseWear worn on the upper arm (manufacturer’s model)

R ² = 0.65 (P < 0.001)

Mean bias ± 95% LoA = 382 ± 898 kcal · day^-1

(16% over-prediction)

FLEX-HR

R² = 0.68 (P = 0.001)

Mean bias ± 95% LoA = -205 ± 655 kcal · day^-1

(13% under-prediction)

PARA-SCI

R ² = 0.74 (P < 0.001)

Mean bias ± 95% LoA = -133 ± 598 kcal · day^-1

(6% over-prediction)

PASIPD

R ² = 0.53 (P = 0.003)

Mean bias ± 95% LoA = - 12 ± 819 kcal · day^-1

(1% over-prediction)

PAEE

(TDEE (measured by DLW) x 0.9) – RMR (IC)

SenseWear worn on the upper arm (manufacturer’s model)

R ² = 0.16 (P = 0.159)

Mean bias ± SD = -16 ± 1292 kcal · day^-1

3% under-prediction

FLEX-HR

R ² = 0.30 (P = 0.067)

Mean bias ± SD = 22 ± 715 kcal · day^-1

3% over-prediction

PARA-SCI

R ² = 0.50 (P = 0.005)

Mean bias ± 95% LoA = - 120 ± 537 kcal · day^-1

18% under-prediction

PASIPD

R ² = 0.13 (P = 0.198)

Mean bias ± 95% LoA = − 11 ± 737 kcal · day^-1

3% under-prediction

Nightingale et al. [75]

8. SCI (n = 5), SB (n = 2), CP (n = 1)

PAEE (Estimated from a physical activity log, using the adapted PA compendium (Conger and Bassett, [6])

24 h

Actiheart^TM using manufacturers proprietary algorithms

R ² = 0.16 (P = 0.24)

SEE = 365 kcal · day^-1

Actiheart^TM using individual heart rate calibration

R ² = 0.50 (P = 0.03)

SEE = 269 kcal · day^-1

Warms et al. [83]

50 (23 F) wheelchair users. Mixed aetiology of disabilities

Daily physical activity record scores

7 days

Activity counts from a tri-axial Actiwatch

r = 0.506 (P = 0.000)

PASIPD

r = 0.267 (P = 0.67)