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Table 2 Characteristics of the studies included in the review of body composition (BC), energy intake (EI), and total energy expenditure (TEE)

From: Total Energy Expenditure, Energy Intake, and Body Composition in Endurance Athletes Across the Training Season: A Systematic Review

Reference

Study design

n (sex)

Discipline (distance), level

Age (years)

Ethnicity, country

Assessment methods

Seasonal phasea

Quality rating

BC

EI

TEE

Armstrong et al. 2012 [80]

Observational study

42 (M)

Cyclists, nonelite

38 ± 6

NR, USA

 

24 h DR

 

2

8

Barr & Costill 1992 [43]

Observational study

24 (M)

Swimmers, tertiary

19.4 ± 0.4

NR, USA

 

2d DR

 

1, 2

8

Bemben et al. 2004 [35]

Observational study

11 (F)

Cross-country runners, tertiary

19.5 ± 0.4

NR, USA

DXA

3d DR

 

1, 3

8

Berg et al. 2008 [81]

Observational study

9 (M)

7 (F)

Athletes (UE), elite

27 [25–35] (M)

32 [26–42] (F)

NR, Sweden

BIA

  

2

8

Berg et al. 2008 [81]

Observational study

6 (M)

Athletes (UE), elite

27 [25–35]

NR, Sweden

  

HR

2

8

Bescós et al. 2012 [60]

Observational study

8 (M)

Cyclists (6), triathletes (2), non-professional

36.7 ± 4.7

NR, Spain

 

DR

HR

2

8

Boulay et al. 1994 [66]

Cross-sectional study

7 (M)

Cross-country skiers, provincial/national

21 ± 5

NR, Canada

UW

3d DR

HR

1

8

Brewer et al. 2013 [82]

RCT

9 (M)

Cyclists, NR

32.6 ± 7.4

NR, Australia

DXA

  

2

8

Brinkworth et al. 2002 [83]

RCT

6 (F)

Rowers, international

20.6 ± 2.3

NR, Australia

 

DR

 

2

7

Carbuhn et al. 2010 [36]

Observational study

16 (F)

Swimmers, tertiary

19 ± 1

NR, USA

DXA

  

1, 3

9

Costa et al. 2014 [63]

Cross-sectional study

19 (M)

6 (F)

Runners (UE), NR

39 ± 7

NR, UK

 

24 h recall

Accelerometry

2

8

Couzy et al. 1990 [44]

Observational study

6 (M)

Runners (MD), national/international

21.5 ± 0.7

NR, France

 

7d DR

 

1, 2

8

Decombaz et al. 1992 [84]

Observational study

17 (M)

Endurance skiers, NR

34.1 ± 1.4

NR, Switzerland

 

14d DR

 

1

8

Dellavalle & Haas 2014 [85]

RCT

28 (F)

Rowers, NR

19.8 ± 1.1 (PLA)

19.7 ± 0.9 (CON)

NR, USA

 

7d DR

 

1

8

Desgorces et al. 2004 [45]

Observational study

11 (M)

Rowers, NR

21.5 ± 0.8

NR, France

 

3d DR

 

1, 3

7

Desgorces et al. 2008 [86]

Observational study

13 (M)

Rowers, NR

21.5 ± 0.8

NR, France

 

3d DR

 

1

7

Drenowatz et al. 2012 [87]

Observational study

15 (M)

Endurance athletes (LD/UE), NR

23.6 ± 3.4

NR, USA

BodPod

FFQ

 

1

8

Drenowatz et al. 2013 [88]

Observational study

15 (M)

Endurance athletes, NR

23.6 ± 3.4

NR, USA

  

HR

1

8

Emhoff et al. 2013 [89]

Cross-sectional study

6 (M)

Cyclists/triathletes, competitive

24 ± 2

NR, USA

 

3d DR

 

2

8

Enqvist et al. 2010 [90]

Observational study

6 (M)

Endurance athletes (UE), NR

31 ± 4

NR, Sweden

BIA

  

2

8

Fudge et al. 2006 [11]

Observational study

9 (M)

Runners (MD/LD), national/international

21 ± 2

Kalenjin, Kenya

BIA

7d DR

DLW

1

8

Fudge et al. 2008 [91]

Cross-sectional study

14 (M)

Runners (MD/LD), national/international

22 ± 3

NR, Kenya

BIA

5d DR

 

2

8

Garcia-Roves et al. 1998 [92]

Cross-sectional study

10 (M)

Cyclists, international

27.6 ± 2.0

NR, Spain

 

3d DR

 

2

8

Garcia-Roves et al. 2000 [46]

Observational study

6 (M)

Cyclists, international

27.0 ± 1.9

NR, Spain

 

3d DR

 

1, 2

8

Gorsuch et al. 2013 [93]

RCT

10 (M)

10 (F)

Cross-country runners, tertiary

19.2 ± 0.4 (M)

19.9 ± 0.4 (F)

NR, USA

BodPod

  

3

8

Griffith et al. 1990 [94]

Observational study

6 (M)

Endurance athletes, NR

28

NR, USA

UW

  

1

8

Hassapidou & Manstrantoni 2001 [47]

Observational study

11 (F)

Runners (MD), regional

22.7 ± 2

NR, Greece

 

7d DR

 

1, 2

7

Hassapidou & Manstrantoni 2001 [47]

Observational study

9 (F)

Swimmers, regional

18.5 ± 1.1

NR, Greece

 

7d DR

 

1, 2

7

Havemann & Goedecke 2008 [95]

Observational study

45 (M)

Cyclists, NR

39 ± 10

NR, South Africa

 

3d DR

 

2

8

Heinonen et al. 1993 [96]

Cross-sectional study

30 (F)

Orienteers, NR

23.3 ± 3.1

NR, Finland

BIA

  

1

8

Heinonen et al. 1993 [96]

Cross-sectional study

29 (F)

Cyclists, NR

24.0 ± 5.7

NR, Finland

BIA

  

1

8

Heinonen et al. 1993 [96]

Cross-sectional study

28 (F)

Cross-country skiers, NR

21.3 ± 3.2

NR, Finland

BIA

  

1

8

Herring et al. 1992 [97]

Observational study

9 (F)

Endurance runners, NR

25.9 ± 2.4

NR, USA

UW

3d DR

 

1

9

Hill & Davies 2002 [69]

Cross-sectional study

7 (F)

Lightweight rowers, elite

20.0 ± 1.1

NR, Australia

DLW

4d DR

DLW

1

9

Hulton et al. 2010 [62]

Cross-sectional study

4 (M)

Cyclists (UE), non-professional

37 ± 4

NR, USA

 

6.5d DR

DLW

2

9

Jensen et al. 1992 [48]

Observational study

14 (M)

Cyclists, tertiary

23.1 ± 2.4

NR, USA

 

5d DR

3d DR

 

1, 2

7

Jones & Leitch 1993 [98]

Cross-sectional study

5 (M)

3 (F)

Swimmers, tertiary

19.8 (M)

20.7 (F)

NR, Canada

DLW

  

2

8

Jurimae et al. 1999 [99]

Cross-sectional study

10 (M)

Rowers, tertiary

21.6 ± 4.2

NR, Estonia

BIA

  

1

8

Jurimae et al. 2006 [100]

Cross-sectional study

8 (M)

Rowers, tertiary

21.5 ± 4.5

NR, Estonia

BIA

  

1

8

Jurimae & Jurimae 2004 [101]

Cross-sectional study

10 (F)

Rowers, tertiary

19.4 ± 1.6

NR, Estonia

DXA

  

2

8

Jurimae et al. 2007 [102]

Observational study

12 (M)

Rowers, national/international

20.8 ± 3

NR, Estonia

BIA

  

1

8

Jurimae et al. 2011 [103]

Cross-sectional study

9 (M)

Rowers, national

20.1 ± 1.6

NR, Estonia

DXA

3d DR

 

2

8

Kabasakalis et al. 2007 [37]

Observational study

4 (M)

Swimmers (sprint/MD), international

18.4 ± 1.2

NR, Greece

BIA

  

1, 2

8

Koshimizu et al. 2012 [104]

Cross-sectional study

24 (M)

Endurance athletes, elite

21.5 ± 3.4

NR, Japan

BodPod

3d DR

 

1

8

LaForgia et al. 1999 [38]

Observational study

16 (M)

Endurance athletes, NR

23.1 ± 4.7

NR, Australia

DXA

  

1, 3

8

Lazzer et al. 2012 [105]

Cross-sectional study

10 (M)

Runners (UE), amateur

38.2 ± 12.4

NR, Italy

BIA

  

2

8

Loftin et al. 1992 [39]

Observational study

5 (M)

5 (F)

Cross-country runners, tertiary

20.8 ± 1.1 (M)

20.8 ± 1.8 (F)

NR, USA

UW

  

2, 3

8

Maestu et al. 2010 [106]

Observational study

9 (M)

Rowers, international

19.7 ± 1.0

NR, Estonia

DXA

  

2

8

Magkos et al. 2007 [107]

Cross-sectional study

7 (M)

Endurance swimmers, national/international

19.4 ± 1.9

Caucasian, Greece

DXA

  

2

8

Magkos et al. 2007 [107]

Cross-sectional study

10 (M)

Endurance runners, national/international

23.4 ± 3.8

Caucasian, Greece

DXA

  

2

8

Maïmoun et al. 2003 [108]

Cross-sectional study

11 (M)

Cyclists, national

27.4 ± 5.8

NR, France

DXA

  

2

8

Maïmoun et al. 2003 [108]

Cross-sectional study

14 (M)

Triathletes, regional

25.7 ± 6.6

NR, France

DXA

  

2

8

Maïmoun et al. 2003 [108]

Cross-sectional study

13 (M)

Swimmers (sprint/MD), tertiary

25.4 ± 6.5

NR, France

DXA

  

2

8

Margaritis et al. 2003 [49]

Observational study

9 (M)

Triathletes (LD), NR

32.6 ± 10.5

NR, France

 

28d/14d DR

 

1, 2

8

Martin et al. 2002 [109]

Observational study

8 (F)

Cyclists, international

25.1 ± 4.0

NR, Australia

 

8–9d DR

 

2

8

Medelli et al. 2009 [110]

Cross-sectional study

23 (M)

Cyclists, international

28.5 ± 3.9

NR, France

DXA

  

1

7

Moses & Manore 1991 [111]

Observational study

17 (M)

Runners (LD), elite

25.7 ± 3.9

NR, USA

 

3d DR

 

2

8

Moses & Manore 1991 [111]

Observational study

9 (F)

Runners, NR

34.8 ± 6

NR, USA

 

3d DR

 

1

8

Motonaga et al. 2006 [112]

Cross-sectional study

6 (M)

Runners, sub-elite

19-21

NR, Japan

BIA

 

HR

1

8

Muoio et al. 1994 [113]

Cross-sectional study

6 (M)

Runners (LD), tertiary

21 ± 0.7

NR, USA

UW

4d DR

 

1

8

Noland et al. 2001 [40]

Observational study

12 (F)

Swimmers, tertiary

19.8 ± 0.1

NR, USA

UW

  

1, 2

7

Ousley-Pahnke et al. 2001 [114]

Cross-sectional study

15 (F)

Swimmers, tertiary

19.6 ± 1.2

NR, USA

 

4d DR

 

2

7

Palazzetti et al. 2004 [115]

Observational study

7 (M)

Triathletes, NR

32.9 ± 9.9

NR, France

 

28d DR

 

1

8

Palm et al. 2005 [116]

Cross-sectional study

11 (M)

Rowers, national

19.1 ± 3.8

NR, Estonia

DXA

  

2

8

Papadopoulou et al. 2012 [50]

Observational study

23 (M)

10 (F)

Cross-country skiers, international

20 ± 6 (M)

20 ± 5 (F)

NR, Greece

BIA

3d/1d DR

 

1 (BC/EI), 2 (EI)

8

Penteado et al. 2010 [117]

Cross-sectional study

31 (M)

Cyclists, NR

24.7 ± 3.2

NR, Brazil

DXA

4d DR

 

3

9

Peters & Goetzsche 1997 [51]

Observational study

151 (M)

22 (F)

Runners (UE), NR

37 ± 9.2 (M)

36 ± 6.1 (F)

NR, South Africa

 

24 h DR

 

1, 2

8

Phillips et al. 1993 [118]

Cross-sectional study

6 (M)

6 (F)

Runners, tertiary

23.3 ± 3.9 (M)

23.0 ± 4.9 (F)

NR, Canada

UW

  

1

8

Rehrer et al. 2010 [61]

Observational study

4 (M)

Cyclists, national/international

20 ± 3

NR, New Zealand

DXA

6d DR

DLW

2

8

Roberts & Smith 1992 [119]

Observational study

9 (M)

Swimmers, international

23 ± 2

NR, Canada

 

2d DR

 

1

8

Santos et al. 2014 [120]

Cross-sectional study

36 (M)

Swimmers, NR

19.1 ± 3.4 (M)

NR, Portugal

DXA

  

2

8

Santos et al. 2014 [120]

Cross-sectional study

38 (M)

10 (F)

Triathletes, NR

22.9 ± 5.4 (M)

20.4 ± 3.1 (F)

NR, Portugal

DXA

  

2

8

Santos et al. 2014 [120]

Cross-sectional study

11 (M)

16 (F)

Athletic athletes, NR

20.1 ± 3.0 (M)

21.3 ± 4.1 (F)

NR, Portugal

DXA

  

2

8

Sato et al. 2011 [121]

Observational study

6 (M)

13 (F)

Swimmers, tertiary

19.5 ± 1.0 (M)

19.4 ± 1.0 (F)

NR, Japan

BIA

3d DR

 

1

9

Schena et al. 1995 [122]

Cross-sectional study

73 (M)

Cross-country skiers, NR

26.9 ± 4.4

NR, Italian

 

7d DR

 

1

8

Schena et al. 1995 [122]

Cross-sectional study

33 (M)

Roller skiers, NR

25.6 ± 4.1

NR, Italian

 

7d DR

 

1

8

Schena et al. 1995 [122]

Cross-sectional study

35 (M)

Runners, NR

26.8 ± 3.7

NR, Italian

 

7d DR

 

1

8

Schena et al. 1995 [122]

Cross-sectional study

18 (M)

Cyclists, NR

30.1 ± 5.1

NR, Italian

 

7d DR

 

1

8

Schenk et al. 2010 [123]

Cross-sectional study

25 (M)

Mountain bikers, amateur

38 ± 10

NR, Austria

BIA

  

2

8

Schulz et al. 1992 [68]

Cross-sectional study

9 (F)

Runners (LD), national/international

26.0 ± 3.3

NR, USA

UW

6d DR

DLW

1

8

Sherman et al. 1993 [124]

Cross-sectional study

18 (M)

Cyclists, NR

30 ± 3 (n = 9)

25 ± 3 (n = 9)

NR, USA

UW

  

1

7

Sherman et al. 1993 [124]

Cross-sectional study

18 (M)

Runners, NR

30 ± 3 (n = 9)

34 ± 3 (n = 9)

NR, USA

UW

  

1

7

Siders et al. 1991 [41]

Observational study

6 (M)

11 (F)

Swimmers, tertiary

19.5 ± 1.0 (M)

19.2 ± 1.0 (F)

NR, USA

UW

  

1, 2

8

Siders et al. 1993 [42]

Observational study

31 (M)

43 (F)

Swimmers (sprint), tertiary

20.5 ± 1.9 (M)

19.7 ± 1.4 (F)

NR, USA

UW

  

1, 2

8

Simsch et al. 2002 [125]

Cross-sectional study

6 (M)

Rowers, NR

18.7

NR, Germany

Near infrared

  

1

7

Sjodin et al. 1994 [67]

Cross-sectional study

4 (M)

4 (F)

Cross-country skiers, international

26 ± 2 (M)

25 ± 2 (F)

NR, Sweden

DLW

4d DR (M)

5d DR (F)

DLW

1

8

Sundby & Gorelick 2014 [126]

Cross-sectional study

10 (F)

Runners, tertiary

25.7 ± 4.7

NR, USA

BodPod

  

1

8

Taylor et al. 1997 [52]

Observational study

7 (F)

Swimmers, national

19 ± 2

NR, South Africa

 

7d DR

 

1, 2

8

Tomten & Hostmark 2006 [127]

Cross-sectional study

20 (F)

Runners, recreational/national

34.8 ± 1.7 (R)

26.0 ± 1.8 (IR)

Caucasian, Norway

DXA

3d DR

 

2

8

Trappe et al. 1997 [70]

Cross-sectional study

5 (F)

Swimmers, international

19 ± 1

NR, USA

 

2d DR

DLW

1

8

Vaiksaar et al. 2011 [128]

Observational study

11 (F)

Rowers, national

18.4 ± 1.9

Caucasian, Estonia

DXA

3d DR

 

1

8

Winters et al. 1996 [71]

Cross-sectional study

10 (F)

Runners (LD), tertiary

19.7 ± 1.7

Caucasian, USA

UW

3d DR

HR

2

8

Witard et al. 2011 [129]

Cross-sectional study

8 (M)

Cyclists, NR

27 ± 8

NR, UK

 

3d DR

 

1

8

Yeater et al. 1996 [130]

Cross-sectional study

8 (M)

Cross-country runners, tertiary

21 [18–30]

NR, USA

UW

  

1

8

Zajac et al. 2014 [131]

Observational study

8 (M)

Cyclists, NR

28.3 ± 3.9

NR, Poland

BIA

  

1

8

Zalcman et al. 2007 [132]

Cross-sectional study

18 (M)

6 (F)

Adventure racers, national/international

30.9 ± 5.8 (M)

30.3 ± 7.8 (F)

NR, Brazil

BodPod

3d DR

 

1

8

  1. Note.  Age is given as M ± SD or M [range]
  2. F female, M male, UE ultra-endurance, MD middle distance, LD long distance, NR not reported, RCT Randomized Controlled Trial, R regular menstrual function, IR irregular menstrual function, PLA placebo group, CON control group, DXA dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, BIA bioelectrical impedance analysis, UW underwater/hydrostatic weighing, DR dietary record, FFQ Food Frequency Questionnaire, HR heart rate monitoring, DLW doubly labelled water
  3. a(1) = preparation phase, (2) = competition phase, (3) = transition phase