Reference | Study design | n (sex) | Discipline (distance), level | Age (years) | Ethnicity, country | Assessment methods | Seasonal phasea | Quality rating | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BC | EI | TEE | ||||||||
Armstrong et al. 2012 [80] | Observational study | 42 (M) | Cyclists, nonelite | 38 ± 6 | NR, USA |  | 24 h DR |  | 2 | 8 |
Barr & Costill 1992 [43] | Observational study | 24 (M) | Swimmers, tertiary | 19.4 ± 0.4 | NR, USA |  | 2d DR |  | 1, 2 | 8 |
Bemben et al. 2004 [35] | Observational study | 11 (F) | Cross-country runners, tertiary | 19.5 ± 0.4 | NR, USA | DXA | 3d DR |  | 1, 3 | 8 |
Berg et al. 2008 [81] | Observational study | 9 (M) 7 (F) | Athletes (UE), elite | 27 [25–35] (M) 32 [26–42] (F) | NR, Sweden | BIA |  |  | 2 | 8 |
Berg et al. 2008 [81] | Observational study | 6 (M) | Athletes (UE), elite | 27 [25–35] | NR, Sweden |  |  | HR | 2 | 8 |
Bescós et al. 2012 [60] | Observational study | 8 (M) | Cyclists (6), triathletes (2), non-professional | 36.7 ± 4.7 | NR, Spain |  | DR | HR | 2 | 8 |
Boulay et al. 1994 [66] | Cross-sectional study | 7 (M) | Cross-country skiers, provincial/national | 21 ± 5 | NR, Canada | UW | 3d DR | HR | 1 | 8 |
Brewer et al. 2013 [82] | RCT | 9 (M) | Cyclists, NR | 32.6 ± 7.4 | NR, Australia | DXA |  |  | 2 | 8 |
Brinkworth et al. 2002 [83] | RCT | 6 (F) | Rowers, international | 20.6 ± 2.3 | NR, Australia |  | DR |  | 2 | 7 |
Carbuhn et al. 2010 [36] | Observational study | 16 (F) | Swimmers, tertiary | 19 ± 1 | NR, USA | DXA |  |  | 1, 3 | 9 |
Costa et al. 2014 [63] | Cross-sectional study | 19 (M) 6 (F) | Runners (UE), NR | 39 ± 7 | NR, UK |  | 24 h recall | Accelerometry | 2 | 8 |
Couzy et al. 1990 [44] | Observational study | 6 (M) | Runners (MD), national/international | 21.5 ± 0.7 | NR, France |  | 7d DR |  | 1, 2 | 8 |
Decombaz et al. 1992 [84] | Observational study | 17 (M) | Endurance skiers, NR | 34.1 ± 1.4 | NR, Switzerland |  | 14d DR |  | 1 | 8 |
Dellavalle & Haas 2014 [85] | RCT | 28 (F) | Rowers, NR | 19.8 ± 1.1 (PLA) 19.7 ± 0.9 (CON) | NR, USA |  | 7d DR |  | 1 | 8 |
Desgorces et al. 2004 [45] | Observational study | 11 (M) | Rowers, NR | 21.5 ± 0.8 | NR, France |  | 3d DR |  | 1, 3 | 7 |
Desgorces et al. 2008 [86] | Observational study | 13 (M) | Rowers, NR | 21.5 ± 0.8 | NR, France |  | 3d DR |  | 1 | 7 |
Drenowatz et al. 2012 [87] | Observational study | 15 (M) | Endurance athletes (LD/UE), NR | 23.6 ± 3.4 | NR, USA | BodPod | FFQ |  | 1 | 8 |
Drenowatz et al. 2013 [88] | Observational study | 15 (M) | Endurance athletes, NR | 23.6 ± 3.4 | NR, USA |  |  | HR | 1 | 8 |
Emhoff et al. 2013 [89] | Cross-sectional study | 6 (M) | Cyclists/triathletes, competitive | 24 ± 2 | NR, USA |  | 3d DR |  | 2 | 8 |
Enqvist et al. 2010 [90] | Observational study | 6 (M) | Endurance athletes (UE), NR | 31 ± 4 | NR, Sweden | BIA |  |  | 2 | 8 |
Fudge et al. 2006 [11] | Observational study | 9 (M) | Runners (MD/LD), national/international | 21 ± 2 | Kalenjin, Kenya | BIA | 7d DR | DLW | 1 | 8 |
Fudge et al. 2008 [91] | Cross-sectional study | 14 (M) | Runners (MD/LD), national/international | 22 ± 3 | NR, Kenya | BIA | 5d DR |  | 2 | 8 |
Garcia-Roves et al. 1998 [92] | Cross-sectional study | 10 (M) | Cyclists, international | 27.6 ± 2.0 | NR, Spain |  | 3d DR |  | 2 | 8 |
Garcia-Roves et al. 2000 [46] | Observational study | 6 (M) | Cyclists, international | 27.0 ± 1.9 | NR, Spain |  | 3d DR |  | 1, 2 | 8 |
Gorsuch et al. 2013 [93] | RCT | 10 (M) 10 (F) | Cross-country runners, tertiary | 19.2 ± 0.4 (M) 19.9 ± 0.4 (F) | NR, USA | BodPod |  |  | 3 | 8 |
Griffith et al. 1990 [94] | Observational study | 6 (M) | Endurance athletes, NR | 28 | NR, USA | UW | Â | Â | 1 | 8 |
Hassapidou & Manstrantoni 2001 [47] | Observational study | 11 (F) | Runners (MD), regional | 22.7 ± 2 | NR, Greece |  | 7d DR |  | 1, 2 | 7 |
Hassapidou & Manstrantoni 2001 [47] | Observational study | 9 (F) | Swimmers, regional | 18.5 ± 1.1 | NR, Greece |  | 7d DR |  | 1, 2 | 7 |
Havemann & Goedecke 2008 [95] | Observational study | 45 (M) | Cyclists, NR | 39 ± 10 | NR, South Africa |  | 3d DR |  | 2 | 8 |
Heinonen et al. 1993 [96] | Cross-sectional study | 30 (F) | Orienteers, NR | 23.3 ± 3.1 | NR, Finland | BIA |  |  | 1 | 8 |
Heinonen et al. 1993 [96] | Cross-sectional study | 29 (F) | Cyclists, NR | 24.0 ± 5.7 | NR, Finland | BIA |  |  | 1 | 8 |
Heinonen et al. 1993 [96] | Cross-sectional study | 28 (F) | Cross-country skiers, NR | 21.3 ± 3.2 | NR, Finland | BIA |  |  | 1 | 8 |
Herring et al. 1992 [97] | Observational study | 9 (F) | Endurance runners, NR | 25.9 ± 2.4 | NR, USA | UW | 3d DR |  | 1 | 9 |
Hill & Davies 2002 [69] | Cross-sectional study | 7 (F) | Lightweight rowers, elite | 20.0 ± 1.1 | NR, Australia | DLW | 4d DR | DLW | 1 | 9 |
Hulton et al. 2010 [62] | Cross-sectional study | 4 (M) | Cyclists (UE), non-professional | 37 ± 4 | NR, USA |  | 6.5d DR | DLW | 2 | 9 |
Jensen et al. 1992 [48] | Observational study | 14 (M) | Cyclists, tertiary | 23.1 ± 2.4 | NR, USA |  | 5d DR 3d DR |  | 1, 2 | 7 |
Jones & Leitch 1993 [98] | Cross-sectional study | 5 (M) 3 (F) | Swimmers, tertiary | 19.8 (M) 20.7 (F) | NR, Canada | DLW | Â | Â | 2 | 8 |
Jurimae et al. 1999 [99] | Cross-sectional study | 10 (M) | Rowers, tertiary | 21.6 ± 4.2 | NR, Estonia | BIA |  |  | 1 | 8 |
Jurimae et al. 2006 [100] | Cross-sectional study | 8 (M) | Rowers, tertiary | 21.5 ± 4.5 | NR, Estonia | BIA |  |  | 1 | 8 |
Jurimae & Jurimae 2004 [101] | Cross-sectional study | 10 (F) | Rowers, tertiary | 19.4 ± 1.6 | NR, Estonia | DXA |  |  | 2 | 8 |
Jurimae et al. 2007 [102] | Observational study | 12 (M) | Rowers, national/international | 20.8 ± 3 | NR, Estonia | BIA |  |  | 1 | 8 |
Jurimae et al. 2011 [103] | Cross-sectional study | 9 (M) | Rowers, national | 20.1 ± 1.6 | NR, Estonia | DXA | 3d DR |  | 2 | 8 |
Kabasakalis et al. 2007 [37] | Observational study | 4 (M) | Swimmers (sprint/MD), international | 18.4 ± 1.2 | NR, Greece | BIA |  |  | 1, 2 | 8 |
Koshimizu et al. 2012 [104] | Cross-sectional study | 24 (M) | Endurance athletes, elite | 21.5 ± 3.4 | NR, Japan | BodPod | 3d DR |  | 1 | 8 |
LaForgia et al. 1999 [38] | Observational study | 16 (M) | Endurance athletes, NR | 23.1 ± 4.7 | NR, Australia | DXA |  |  | 1, 3 | 8 |
Lazzer et al. 2012 [105] | Cross-sectional study | 10 (M) | Runners (UE), amateur | 38.2 ± 12.4 | NR, Italy | BIA |  |  | 2 | 8 |
Loftin et al. 1992 [39] | Observational study | 5 (M) 5 (F) | Cross-country runners, tertiary | 20.8 ± 1.1 (M) 20.8 ± 1.8 (F) | NR, USA | UW |  |  | 2, 3 | 8 |
Maestu et al. 2010 [106] | Observational study | 9 (M) | Rowers, international | 19.7 ± 1.0 | NR, Estonia | DXA |  |  | 2 | 8 |
Magkos et al. 2007 [107] | Cross-sectional study | 7 (M) | Endurance swimmers, national/international | 19.4 ± 1.9 | Caucasian, Greece | DXA |  |  | 2 | 8 |
Magkos et al. 2007 [107] | Cross-sectional study | 10 (M) | Endurance runners, national/international | 23.4 ± 3.8 | Caucasian, Greece | DXA |  |  | 2 | 8 |
Maïmoun et al. 2003 [108] | Cross-sectional study | 11 (M) | Cyclists, national | 27.4 ± 5.8 | NR, France | DXA |  |  | 2 | 8 |
Maïmoun et al. 2003 [108] | Cross-sectional study | 14 (M) | Triathletes, regional | 25.7 ± 6.6 | NR, France | DXA |  |  | 2 | 8 |
Maïmoun et al. 2003 [108] | Cross-sectional study | 13 (M) | Swimmers (sprint/MD), tertiary | 25.4 ± 6.5 | NR, France | DXA |  |  | 2 | 8 |
Margaritis et al. 2003 [49] | Observational study | 9 (M) | Triathletes (LD), NR | 32.6 ± 10.5 | NR, France |  | 28d/14d DR |  | 1, 2 | 8 |
Martin et al. 2002 [109] | Observational study | 8 (F) | Cyclists, international | 25.1 ± 4.0 | NR, Australia |  | 8–9d DR |  | 2 | 8 |
Medelli et al. 2009 [110] | Cross-sectional study | 23 (M) | Cyclists, international | 28.5 ± 3.9 | NR, France | DXA |  |  | 1 | 7 |
Moses & Manore 1991 [111] | Observational study | 17 (M) | Runners (LD), elite | 25.7 ± 3.9 | NR, USA |  | 3d DR |  | 2 | 8 |
Moses & Manore 1991 [111] | Observational study | 9 (F) | Runners, NR | 34.8 ± 6 | NR, USA |  | 3d DR |  | 1 | 8 |
Motonaga et al. 2006 [112] | Cross-sectional study | 6 (M) | Runners, sub-elite | 19-21 | NR, Japan | BIA | Â | HR | 1 | 8 |
Muoio et al. 1994 [113] | Cross-sectional study | 6 (M) | Runners (LD), tertiary | 21 ± 0.7 | NR, USA | UW | 4d DR |  | 1 | 8 |
Noland et al. 2001 [40] | Observational study | 12 (F) | Swimmers, tertiary | 19.8 ± 0.1 | NR, USA | UW |  |  | 1, 2 | 7 |
Ousley-Pahnke et al. 2001 [114] | Cross-sectional study | 15 (F) | Swimmers, tertiary | 19.6 ± 1.2 | NR, USA |  | 4d DR |  | 2 | 7 |
Palazzetti et al. 2004 [115] | Observational study | 7 (M) | Triathletes, NR | 32.9 ± 9.9 | NR, France |  | 28d DR |  | 1 | 8 |
Palm et al. 2005 [116] | Cross-sectional study | 11 (M) | Rowers, national | 19.1 ± 3.8 | NR, Estonia | DXA |  |  | 2 | 8 |
Papadopoulou et al. 2012 [50] | Observational study | 23 (M) 10 (F) | Cross-country skiers, international | 20 ± 6 (M) 20 ± 5 (F) | NR, Greece | BIA | 3d/1d DR |  | 1 (BC/EI), 2 (EI) | 8 |
Penteado et al. 2010 [117] | Cross-sectional study | 31 (M) | Cyclists, NR | 24.7 ± 3.2 | NR, Brazil | DXA | 4d DR |  | 3 | 9 |
Peters & Goetzsche 1997 [51] | Observational study | 151 (M) 22 (F) | Runners (UE), NR | 37 ± 9.2 (M) 36 ± 6.1 (F) | NR, South Africa |  | 24 h DR |  | 1, 2 | 8 |
Phillips et al. 1993 [118] | Cross-sectional study | 6 (M) 6 (F) | Runners, tertiary | 23.3 ± 3.9 (M) 23.0 ± 4.9 (F) | NR, Canada | UW |  |  | 1 | 8 |
Rehrer et al. 2010 [61] | Observational study | 4 (M) | Cyclists, national/international | 20 ± 3 | NR, New Zealand | DXA | 6d DR | DLW | 2 | 8 |
Roberts & Smith 1992 [119] | Observational study | 9 (M) | Swimmers, international | 23 ± 2 | NR, Canada |  | 2d DR |  | 1 | 8 |
Santos et al. 2014 [120] | Cross-sectional study | 36 (M) | Swimmers, NR | 19.1 ± 3.4 (M) | NR, Portugal | DXA |  |  | 2 | 8 |
Santos et al. 2014 [120] | Cross-sectional study | 38 (M) 10 (F) | Triathletes, NR | 22.9 ± 5.4 (M) 20.4 ± 3.1 (F) | NR, Portugal | DXA |  |  | 2 | 8 |
Santos et al. 2014 [120] | Cross-sectional study | 11 (M) 16 (F) | Athletic athletes, NR | 20.1 ± 3.0 (M) 21.3 ± 4.1 (F) | NR, Portugal | DXA |  |  | 2 | 8 |
Sato et al. 2011 [121] | Observational study | 6 (M) 13 (F) | Swimmers, tertiary | 19.5 ± 1.0 (M) 19.4 ± 1.0 (F) | NR, Japan | BIA | 3d DR |  | 1 | 9 |
Schena et al. 1995 [122] | Cross-sectional study | 73 (M) | Cross-country skiers, NR | 26.9 ± 4.4 | NR, Italian |  | 7d DR |  | 1 | 8 |
Schena et al. 1995 [122] | Cross-sectional study | 33 (M) | Roller skiers, NR | 25.6 ± 4.1 | NR, Italian |  | 7d DR |  | 1 | 8 |
Schena et al. 1995 [122] | Cross-sectional study | 35 (M) | Runners, NR | 26.8 ± 3.7 | NR, Italian |  | 7d DR |  | 1 | 8 |
Schena et al. 1995 [122] | Cross-sectional study | 18 (M) | Cyclists, NR | 30.1 ± 5.1 | NR, Italian |  | 7d DR |  | 1 | 8 |
Schenk et al. 2010 [123] | Cross-sectional study | 25 (M) | Mountain bikers, amateur | 38 ± 10 | NR, Austria | BIA |  |  | 2 | 8 |
Schulz et al. 1992 [68] | Cross-sectional study | 9 (F) | Runners (LD), national/international | 26.0 ± 3.3 | NR, USA | UW | 6d DR | DLW | 1 | 8 |
Sherman et al. 1993 [124] | Cross-sectional study | 18 (M) | Cyclists, NR | 30 ± 3 (n = 9) 25 ± 3 (n = 9) | NR, USA | UW |  |  | 1 | 7 |
Sherman et al. 1993 [124] | Cross-sectional study | 18 (M) | Runners, NR | 30 ± 3 (n = 9) 34 ± 3 (n = 9) | NR, USA | UW |  |  | 1 | 7 |
Siders et al. 1991 [41] | Observational study | 6 (M) 11 (F) | Swimmers, tertiary | 19.5 ± 1.0 (M) 19.2 ± 1.0 (F) | NR, USA | UW |  |  | 1, 2 | 8 |
Siders et al. 1993 [42] | Observational study | 31 (M) 43 (F) | Swimmers (sprint), tertiary | 20.5 ± 1.9 (M) 19.7 ± 1.4 (F) | NR, USA | UW |  |  | 1, 2 | 8 |
Simsch et al. 2002 [125] | Cross-sectional study | 6 (M) | Rowers, NR | 18.7 | NR, Germany | Near infrared | Â | Â | 1 | 7 |
Sjodin et al. 1994 [67] | Cross-sectional study | 4 (M) 4 (F) | Cross-country skiers, international | 26 ± 2 (M) 25 ± 2 (F) | NR, Sweden | DLW | 4d DR (M) 5d DR (F) | DLW | 1 | 8 |
Sundby & Gorelick 2014 [126] | Cross-sectional study | 10 (F) | Runners, tertiary | 25.7 ± 4.7 | NR, USA | BodPod |  |  | 1 | 8 |
Taylor et al. 1997 [52] | Observational study | 7 (F) | Swimmers, national | 19 ± 2 | NR, South Africa |  | 7d DR |  | 1, 2 | 8 |
Tomten & Hostmark 2006 [127] | Cross-sectional study | 20 (F) | Runners, recreational/national | 34.8 ± 1.7 (R) 26.0 ± 1.8 (IR) | Caucasian, Norway | DXA | 3d DR |  | 2 | 8 |
Trappe et al. 1997 [70] | Cross-sectional study | 5 (F) | Swimmers, international | 19 ± 1 | NR, USA |  | 2d DR | DLW | 1 | 8 |
Vaiksaar et al. 2011 [128] | Observational study | 11 (F) | Rowers, national | 18.4 ± 1.9 | Caucasian, Estonia | DXA | 3d DR |  | 1 | 8 |
Winters et al. 1996 [71] | Cross-sectional study | 10 (F) | Runners (LD), tertiary | 19.7 ± 1.7 | Caucasian, USA | UW | 3d DR | HR | 2 | 8 |
Witard et al. 2011 [129] | Cross-sectional study | 8 (M) | Cyclists, NR | 27 ± 8 | NR, UK |  | 3d DR |  | 1 | 8 |
Yeater et al. 1996 [130] | Cross-sectional study | 8 (M) | Cross-country runners, tertiary | 21 [18–30] | NR, USA | UW |  |  | 1 | 8 |
Zajac et al. 2014 [131] | Observational study | 8 (M) | Cyclists, NR | 28.3 ± 3.9 | NR, Poland | BIA |  |  | 1 | 8 |
Zalcman et al. 2007 [132] | Cross-sectional study | 18 (M) 6 (F) | Adventure racers, national/international | 30.9 ± 5.8 (M) 30.3 ± 7.8 (F) | NR, Brazil | BodPod | 3d DR |  | 1 | 8 |