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Table 2 Self-report measures before and after HIRREM

From: A Preliminary Study of the Effectiveness of an Allostatic, Closed-Loop, Acoustic Stimulation Neurotechnology in the Treatment of Athletes with Persisting Post-concussion Symptoms

Instrument (number of participants with data)

Baseline mean (SD)

Mean change after HIRREM (SD)

Paired t test p values

Wilcoxon p values

RPQ total (n = 12)

29.2 (14.9)

−19.7 (11.4)

<0.001

0.001

 Headaches

3.0 (0.9)

−1.4 (1.3)

0.003

0.004

 Dizziness

1.8 (1.4)

−1.1 (1.1)

0.005

0.014

 Nausea/vomiting

1.3 (1.1)

−1.2 (1.0)

0.002

0.008

 Noise sensitivity

1.7 (1.2)

−1.2 (0.7)

<0.001

0.002

 Sleep disturbance

1.4 (1.2)

−0.8 (0.8)

0.005

0.016

 Fatigue

2.3 (1.4)

−1.9 (1.1)

<0.001

0.002

 Irritability/anger

1.7 (1.3)

−1.0 (1.2)

0.015

0.031

 Depressed/tearful

1.4 (1.5)

−0.8 (1.5)

0.085

0.125

 Frustrated/impatient

2.1 (1.4)

−1.3 (1.6)

0.016

0.022

 Forgetful/poor memory

2.2 (1.6)

−1.7 (1.4)

0.002

0.008

 Poor concentration

2.6 (1.4)

−1.9 (1.5)

0.001

0.008

 Taking longer to think

2.4 (1.6)

−1.8 (1.3)

<0.001

0.001

 Blurred vision

1.2 (1.3)

−0.8 (0.9)

0.011

0.031

 Light sensitivity

1.9 (1.2)

−1.3 (0.8)

<0.001

0.002

 Double vision

0.8 (1.2)

−0.5 (1.0)

0.111

0.188

 Restlessness

1.4 (1.1)

−0.9 (0.9)

0.005

0.016

ISI (n = 15)

7.5 (4.1)

−4.1 (4.1)

0.002

0.003

CES-D (n = 10)

20.8 (14.2)

−12.0 (10.0)

0.004

0.004