Skip to main content
Sports Medicine - Open

Table 2 Data extraction from the included studies

From: Human tendon adaptation in response to mechanical loading: a systematic review and meta-analysis of exercise intervention studies on healthy adults

Source

Participants

Intervention

Outcome

Reference

Year

Group

N

Sex

Activity level

Tendon

Type of training

Intensity

Duration

Reps

Sets

Weeks

Times/week

Stiffness

YM

CSA

           

Location

%

Sig

%

Sig

Location

%

Sig

Albracht et al. [15]

2013

EP

13

m

Run

AT

Is (rep)

90% MVC

3 s

4

5

14

4

Ap (GM F)

15.8

*

     

Arampatzis et al. [29]

2010

EP

11

m

Reg

AT

Is (rep)

55% MVC

1 s

20

5

14

4

Ap (GM F)

−5.2

-

−4.8

-

Free

1.3

-

  

EP

11

m

Reg

AT

Is (rep)

90% MVC

1 s

12

5

14

4

Ap (GM F)

17.1

*

16.9

*

Free

0.5

-

Arampatzis et al. [28]

2007

EP

11

f, m

Reg

AT

Is (rep)

55% MVC

3 s

7

5

14

4

Ap (GM F)

7.9

-

−1.6

-

Free

4.3

-

  

EP

11

f, m

Reg

AT

Is (rep)

90% MVC

3 s

4

5

14

4

Ap (GM F)

36.0

*

22.9

*

Free

9.6

*

Bohm et al. [31]

2014

EP

12

m

Reg

AT

Is (sta)

90% MVC

12 s

1

5

14

4

Ap (GM M)

24.8

*

17.7

*

Free

5.3

*

  

EP

12

m

Reg

AT

Is (rep)

90% MVC

3 s

4

5

14

4

Ap (GM M)

53.9

*

45.2

*

Free

4.4

*

  

EP

14

m

Reg

AT

Ply

90% MVC

Approximately 0.26 s

72

5

14

4

Ap (GM M)

28.4

-

19.6

-

Free

2.5

-

  

EP

14

m

Reg

AT

Is (rep)

90% MVC

3 s

4

5

14

4

Ap (GM M)

37.3

*

36.3

*

Free

3.7

*

Carroll et al. [61]

2011

CG

7 (11)

f, m

Unt

PT

Co-Ec (rep)

74% RM

nr

2 to 3

5 to 10

12

3

Free

13.9

+

18.4

*

Free

−1.7

-

Fletcher et al. [17]

2010

EP

6

m

Run

AT

Is (sta)

80% MVC

20 s

1

4

8

3

Ap (GM F)

18.6

-

     

Fouré et al. [71]

2009

EP

6

m

Exp

AT

Ply

nr

nr

150 to 280

nr

8

2

Ap (GM M)

4.1

-

     

Foure et al. [38,56,57]

2010a,b,2011

EP

9

m

Reg

AT

Ply

nr

nr

200 to 600

nr

14

2.4

Ap (GM M)

26.5

*

  

Free

3.1

-

Foure et al. [43]

2013

EP

11

m

Reg

AT

Ec (rep)

nr

nr

200 to 600

nr

14

2.4

Ap (GM F)

16.4

-

  

Free

−1.5

-

Hansen et al. [62]

2003

EP

11

f, m

Unt

AT

Run

nr

30 to 50 min

1

 

34

2.4

Ap (GM F)

7.3

-

  

Free

−0.3

-

Houghton et al. [39]

2013

EP

7

nr

Cri

AT

Ply

nr

nr

4 to 10

2 to 6

8

1.9

Ap (GM M)

−8.9

-

−20

-

Free

12.9

*

Kongsgaard et al. [24]

2007

EP

12

m

Unt

PT

Co-Ec (rep)

70% RM

nr

8

10

12

3

Free

14.6

*

12.2

-

Free

3.3

nr

  

EP

12

m

Unt

PT

Co-Ec (rep)

16% RM

nr

36

10

12

3

Free

−9.2

-

−4.2

-

Free

1.5

nr

Kubo et al. [37,42]

2001a

EP

8

m

Reg

PT

Is (rep)

70% MVC

Rapid

50

3

12

4

Ap (VL F)

17.5

-

  

Free

1.4

-

 

2001a,b

EP

8

m

Reg

PT

Is (sta)

70% MVC

20 s

1

4

12

4

Ap (VL F)

57.3

*

50.3

*

Free

1.4

-

Kubo et al. [25]

2002

EP

8

m

Reg

AT

Co-Ec (rep)

70% RM

nr

10

5

8

4

Ap (GM F)

31.3

*

  

Free

−3.3

-

 

EP

8

m

Reg

AT

Co-Ec (rep) + S

70% RM

nr + 45 s

10 + 5

5 + 1

8

4 + 7 (2×/day)

Ap (GM F)

23.8

*

  

Free

3.4

-

Kubo et al. [63]

2003

EP2

11

f

Reg

PT

Co-Ec (rep)

BW

nr

44

1

24

6

Ap (VL F)

15.7

-

     

Kubo et al. [40]

2006a

EP

9

m

nr

PT

Is (sta) [50°]

70% MVC

15 s

1

6

12

4

Ap (VL F)

9.7

-

  

Free

1.5

-

  

EP

9

m

nr

PT

Is (sta) [100°]

70% MVC

15 s

1

6

12

4

Ap (VL F)

50.9

*

  

Free

1.5

-

Kubo et al. [87]

2006b

EP

8

m

Reg

PT

Is (sta)

70% MVC

15 s

1

10

12

4

Free

−0.2

-

  

Free

0.3

-

Kubo et al. [88]

2006c

CG

9

m

nr

PT

Co-Ec (rep)

80% RM

4 s

10

4

12

3

Free

8.5

-

  

Free

−0.6

-

Kubo et al. [59]

2007

EP

10

m

Unt

AT

Ply

40% RM

nr

10

5

12

4

Ap (GM M)

19.4

-

  

Free

3.3

-

  

EP

10

m

Unt

AT

Co-Ec (rep)

80% RM

4 s

10

5

12

4

Ap (GM M)

29.7

*

  

Free

−1.2

-

Kubo et al. [60]

2009

EP

10

m

nr

PT

Is (sta)

70% MVC

15 s

1

10

12

4

Free

71.1

*

  

Free

4.0

-

  

EP

10

m

nr

PT

Co-Ec (rep)

80% RM

4 s

10

5

12

4

Free

25.4

-

  

Free

1.3

-

Kubo et al. [52]

2010

EP

8

m

Reg

PT

Is (sta)

70% MVC

15 s

1

10

12

4

Ap (VL F)

50.9

*

  

Free

1.0

-

Kubo et al. [72]

2012

EP

9

m

Reg

AT

Is (sta)

80% MVC

15 s

1

15

12

4

Ap (GM M)

51.4

*

  

Free

2.7

-

Malliaras et al. [41]

2013

EP

9

m

Reg

PT

Co (rep)

80% RM

5 s

7 to 8

4

12

3

Free

49.9

-

52

-

Free

5.0

-

 

EP

10

m

Reg

PT

Ec (rep)

80% RM

5 s

12 to 15

4

12

3

Free

39.2

-

38.6

-

Free

3.6

-

 

EP

10

m

Reg

PT

Ec (rep)

80% RM (Ec)

5 s

7 to 8

4

12

3

Free

80.9

*

77.3

*

Free

5.8

-

Seynnes et al. [30]

2009

EP

15

m

Reg

PT

Co-Ec (rep)

80% RM

nr

10

4

9

3

Free

22.7

*

18.4

*

Free

3.9

*

  1. Group (i.e., as assigned in the respective article): EP, experimental group; CG, control group. Sex: f, female; m, male. Activity level: Reg, regularly physically active and recreational sports; Unt, untrained; Exp, explosive sports (i.e., volleyball, basketball, handball); Run, runners; Cri, cricket players. Tendon: PT, patellar tendon; AT, Achilles tendon. Type of training: Is, isometric muscle contraction; Co, concentric; Ec, eccentric; Ply, plyometric; Run, running; S, stretching; rep, repetitive; sta, static. Intensity: MVC, maximum voluntary contraction; RM, one repetition maximum; BW, body weight. Outcome: YM, tendon Young’s modulus; CSA, tendon cross-sectional area. Location (i.e., refers to the anatomical structure that was used for the assessment of the tendon properties): Ap, aponeurosis; GM, m. gastrocnemius medialis; VL, m. vastus lateralis; F, fiber; M, myo-tendinous junction; Free, free tendon; nr, not reported. Sig (i.e., significance): *p < 0.05; +p < 0.01; -p > 0.05.
Back to article page